1. Advanced Design System
Anurag Nigam
July 30, 2012

2. Training Methodology
Tutorial - explaining concepts & methodology, -providing overview and -discussing flow
Hands-on Exercise – applying concepts & methodology
- Deducing rules and validating assumptions
Unified Flow

3. ADS Overview

4. ADS Main Window Does not change much with ADS Releases/ versions
This is another option for an Overview slides using transitions.
Captions may change
ADS Main Window

5. Components of ADS 4 Built In Libraries of Components1
Third Party Libraries 2
Import Interface to other tools 3
Design Guides 4
Design Resources
Schematics 1
Layouts 2
Design Entry Tools
Desktop LVS 1
DRC 2
Verification Tools
Components of ADS

6. Components of ADS Circuit Simulators Electromagnetic Simulators 12
DSP Simulators 3
Simulation Tools
Data Display 1
3 D Viewer 2
Physical Connectivity 3
Visualization Tools
Yield Analysis & improvement 1
Layout Export 2
Optimizers 3
Product Design Tools
Components of ADS

7. Getting Started
Manage Projects
Online Help Resources

8. ADS Workspaces

9. Workspaces Open Workspace Create New Workspace
Workspaces can be managed from Getting Started Window
This is another option for an Overview slides using transitions.
Multi-technology Project that has its own library of design components and references to component libraries is called a Workspace
Workspaces

10. Workspace Wizard Workspace Related Info. Name the Workspace
Leave _wrk for identification
Check to Add reference to inbuilt libraries
Use this link to add reference to external libraries
Name the Library associated with current Workspace. Leave _lib for identification
Workspace Wizard

11. Workspace Wizard Choose Technology File to attach to Workspace.
Technology file decides technology specific settings.
Check this box if you wish to copy external library instead of referencing it. This is useful in case external library is read-only.
Summary of Workspace Settings, workspace location, and details of referenced libraries
Workspace Wizard

12. Workspace gets created !

13. Cells & Views

14. Cell with Default View ADS Main Window Uncheck this !
This is another option for an Overview slides using transitions.
ADS Main Window
Cell is a functional unit representing certain transfer function. Cell can have views- Schematic, Layout, Symbol & Model
Cell with Default View

15. Schematic Window Circuit to Be Implemented Here! Menu Bar
Schematic Options
Set link to Cadence
Design Aids
Copy/ Move
Selected
De-activate as Short/ Open
Down in Hierarchy
Rotate
Terminate Command Up
Mirror X/ Y
New, Open, Save, Print
Delete
Undo Redo
View All, Zoom
In-built Library Categories
Wire
Circuit Optimization
Pin
Node Name
History of Components Used
Circuit Tuning
Variable
Circuit Simulation
Ground
Select View
Circuit to Be Implemented Here!
Palette shows all the components in selected Library Category
Mouse Location
Length Units
Status Bar
Schematic Window

16. Accessing Resources Toolbar2 Component Library
Drag and Drop components on to Schematic
Accessing Resources

17. Ready to create Circuits

18. Schematic Capture

19. Working with Components
Components are available from categories in built-in libraries
Note Pin changes color when connected F5
Press F5 & select component to move its text
Component
Model
has pins and can be used in circuits
Does not have pins and cannot be used in circuits
This is another option for an Overview slides using transitions.
Select the value & Edit On-Screen
Working with Components

20. Circuit using Lumped Components
For Circuit Simulations, we have three requirements
To rotate a component 1
Circuit 2
Source & Sinks/ Terminations 3
Simulation Controller
Select the component
Click Rotate
Step3:
Create Circuit
Right Click on Workspace Name & choose New Schematic
Step1:
Step2:
Name the Cell: LPF
Circuit using Lumped Components

21. Sources & Terminations1
Frequency Domain Sources 2
Time Domain Sources 3
Modulated Sources 4
Other Sources- Controlled, Noise, DSP Based
For S-Parameter Simulations, Term Component acts as impedance as well as small signal source. For AC Simulations, Sources are named with ‘AC’.
Sources & Terminations

22. Simulation Controller
Various Circuit Simulators in ADS
We will explore one by one
Double Click
Simulation Controller

23. Ready for Simulations

24. Simulation & Data Visualization

25. Performing Simulations
Dataset represents Physical Data on Disk
Other ways to start Simulations
Visualization of Data in various plots
This is another option for an Overview slides using transitions.
Performing Simulations

26. Data Display Window Display Graphs Here! Manage Display Pages Menu Bar
Same Functionality as in Schematic Window
Zoom Selected inside graph
View All inside graph
Choose Default Dataset
Marker
Zoom In/ Out inside graph
End Current Command
Rectangular Plot
Multi-Trace Marker
(Rectangular Plot Only)
Polar Plot
Smith Chart
Maxima/ Minima Marker
Stacked Rect. Plot
Table
Peak/ Valley Marker
Antenna Pattern
Equation
Display Graphs Here!
Shape & Text
Page Tabs
Data Display Window

27. Simulation Results Step2: Step1:
Select Parameter to be plotted & click >> Add >>
Select the plot. Click anywhere in Data Display Window to place the plot
Step1:
Simulation Results

28. Going to dive deeper!

29. Circuit Topology Check

30. Checking the circuit for Topology Errors
To see topology check feature in action, modify the circuit by deleting a wire and ground.
Delete wire & ground
This is another option for an Overview slides using transitions.
Check Options
Checking the circuit for Topology Errors

31. Component Information
Use either option &
Select Component
Component Information

32. Tuning Component Values
Simulation starts with Net-List Generation. Net list is a network list that has nodes and branches. Branch represents electrical component and nodes represent the division of current along branches.
Tuning avoids Net-List Generation in case only values of components change but circuit topology remains same. This results in real time response of circuit with change in component values.
Move the slider and observe the response
Tuning Component Values

33. Tuning & Visualization
Move the Tuners & Observe Response
Tuners
S-Parameter Response
Update Component Values
Reset Component Values
Store in-between tuning states
Tuning & Visualization

34. Ready to be introduced to Simulators

35. DC Simulations

36. Referencing Process Design Kit
For Simulations, we will use components from external library
With Project open in ADS Main Window, use File Menu
This is another option for an Overview slides using transitions.
Referencing Process Design Kit

37. Right Click on Workspace in Folder View and select New Schematic
PDK Palette
Tech Include Component should be placed on schematic if you use library components
PDK Palette & Models

38. Create Circuit

39. DC Setup & Parameter Sweep
Every simulation requires a Simulation Controller to be placed at the top most schematic level. Simulation Controller can be found in every simulation palette.
Double Click on controller to expose its settings. In every simulation controller you can sweep one variable
Sweep can be Linear, Log or Single Point
Parameter may have default value which is valid in case no sweep is conducted. Otherwise sweep value is considered for Simulation
DC Setup & Parameter Sweep

40. Data Display window opens automatically if it is marked in Simulation setup. Simulation results are plotted Vs. Inner most Sweep by default.
Drag and Drop Rectangular Plot on to Data Display Window. Add Ids.i to the rectangular Plot.
Output Characteristics
Transfer Characteristics
Double Click Trace to expose its properties
Plotting Sweeps

41. Ready to learn more about Simulators !

42. Small Signal Simulations

43. Small Signal for Active Devices
Passive devices do not usually change their behavior as input power is changed. Exception is passives on Non-Linear Substrates or with Non-Linear Medium. Example Power Limiters using Gas Discharge Tubes.
Active devices like diodes, Bipolar Junction Transistors and Field Effect Transistors behave differently with variation in input power level.
𝑣 𝑖 : 𝑣 𝑖 <2 𝑉 𝐺𝑆 − 𝑉 𝑡
𝑣 𝑖 : 𝑣 𝑖 < 𝑉 𝑇
This is another option for an Overview slides using transitions.
This is small signal condition for FET.
Transconductance of the device does not change from its DC Value with change in input amplitude
This is small signal condition for BJT
Small Signal for Active Devices

44. S-Parameter Simulation Setup
Replace DC Controllers with
S-Parameter Controller
Change S-Parameter Settings
Specify Name of New Cell
From Previous Schematic for DC Simulations to this Schematic for S-Parameter Simulations only controller setup is changed
S-Parameter Simulation Setup

45. Without going much into the details of stability we present the following1
If reflected power at any port is greater than incident power, the network is unstable 2
Ratio of Reflected Power to incident power is called Reflection Coefficient 3
For a frequency, impedance points that correspond to Reflection Coefficient of 1 form Stability Circles 4
All impedance points either included or excluded in Stability Circle represent Stable Impedances
For Small Signal Stability of Two Port Network, S11 & S22 magnitude should be less than 1. If such an impedance point is inside Stability Circle all points inside Stability Circle are Stable and if outside Stability Circle, all points outside Stability Circle are Stable.
Stable
Stable
𝑆 11 <1
𝑆 22 <1
Concept of Stability

46. Stability Simulations
Stable
Add the traces to be plotted
Drag & Drop Smith Chart on to Data Display Window
Stability Simulations

47. Source Degeneration and Lead Compensation are forms of Negative Feedback.
Add Source Degeneration Inductance and Lead Compensation Network as shown in figure
Re-simulate the circuit
Complete Smith Chart is Stable
Negative Feedback

48. Two Port Simultaneous Matching
Double Click on Smith Chart in Data Display Window. Display Admittance & Impedance Chart.
RF Short provides RF De-coupling
Bond Wire
Bond Wire
Input Match
Output Match
Two Port Simultaneous Matching

49. Across Frequency Performance
Circuit will be modified a number of times to ensure performance. Circuit below is adjusted further for Out-band Stability
Across Frequency Performance

50. Noise Figure, Gain & Return Losses
Double Click S-Parameter Controller to expose its settings
Add Rectangular Plots to Data Display
Simulate the circuit
Noise Figure, Gain & Return Losses

51. Ready to do Hierarchical Designs!

52. Design Hierarchy

53. Concept of Hierarchy 1 Each Sub-Design can be perfected 2
A Complex Design may be result of integration of Simple Designs
This is referred to as Encapsulation & Abstraction
Merits of such a design philosophy are 1
Each Sub-Design can be perfected 2
Sub-Design has standard interfaces 3
Sub-Design can be easily replaced 4
Internals of Sub-Design not significant
This is another option for an Overview slides using transitions.
Concept of Hierarchy

54. Standard Interface of Sub-Design is Symbol
Standard Interface of Sub-Design is Symbol. Symbol is another view of a cell. Symbol has pins with which a Sub-Design interfaces with other circuits outside its scope.
Symbol Pins have one to one correspondence with pins in Schematic View and Ports in Layout View. Pins have unique case sensitive names and numbers. Symbols pass arguments to Sub-Designs.
Rules of Abstraction

55. Preparing Schematic View
Before you generate a symbol view for a cell you have to modify its schematic to have pins. You have to remove Sources, Terminations and Controller. You have to leave Tech Include File.
Note that each Pin is supposed to have unique name and number.
Double Click on Pin to expose its properties
Pin P1 is renamed as Vgs.
Preparing Schematic View

56. In ADS Main Window, in Folder View of open workspace Right Click on the cell for which you wish to create a symbol. In this case it is LNA.
Modify the Symbol as you wish but keep Pins Intact
Notice that now cell has Symbol View
Creating Symbol View

57. Right Click on Workspace in Folder View and select New Schematic
Schematics are much cleaner with Design Hierarchy
Using Symbols

58. Radio Front End Ready to learn about Linearized Simulations! LNA PA
Low Noise Amplifier PA
Power Amplifier
SPDT
Switch
Radio Front End
Ready to learn about Linearized Simulations!

59. AC Simulations

60. AC Simulations Overview
AC Simulations are mostly used to investigate stability of a network. Circuit can be stabilized in AC Simulations by proper placement of Dominant Pole and Second Dominant Pole and Left Hand-Side Zero between them (Lead Compensation).
AC Simulation linearizes Circuit Behavior around the bias point and removes restrictions of DC Supply.
Right Click on the cell created earlier and Copy Cell
Copy of Cell
AC Simulations Overview

61. Modify S-Parameter Simulation Setup in the copied Schematic by Replacing S-Parameter Controller with AC Controller
In AC Simulations, Frequency is specified by the controller and not the AC Source
Double Click AC Controller to expose its settings
Replace Term1 with P_AC
It is recommended to use AC Source for AC Simulations
AC Simulation Setup

62. Nodes can be named to collect voltage information from the nodes
To remove Node Names apply Empty Label to Wire
Double Click AC Controller to expose its settings
Naming the Nodes

63. Preparing Data Display
Data Display Window opens automatically if it marked in Simulation Setup. Add a rectangular plot to display output and input voltage waveforms
Preparing Data Display

64. Equations can be written in Data Display Window to operate on Simulation Result. In Palette in Data Display Window use Equ button to write equations
GaindB=20*log10(mag(Vout)/(mag(Vin)))
Writing Equations

65. Circuit is linearized around bias points and DC Supply Restrictions are removed in AC Simulation
Edit Power in P_AC Source
& Re-simulate the circuit
Circuit Is Linearized !

66. Ready to experiment with Non-Linear Simulators !AC
SPara DC
Ready to experiment with Non-Linear Simulators !

67. Harmonic Balance Simulations

68. HB Simulation Overview
Non-Linear Circuit/ Component Transfer Functions can be expressed as series expansion. Excitation Signals can be expressed as Fourier Expansion. Circuit is solved at fundamental and harmonics. Over all response is computed.
Input Signal
𝑃 𝑖𝑛 = 𝐴 0 + 𝐴 1 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 + 𝐴 2 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜔𝑡 ….+ 𝐴 𝑚 𝑒 −𝑗𝑚𝜔𝑡
Here m is the Harmonic Order of Signals
Transfer Function
𝑃 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐺 0 𝑃 𝑖𝑛 + 𝐺 1 𝑃 𝑖𝑛 2 + 𝐺 2 𝑃 𝑖𝑛 3 +….+ 𝐺 𝑛−1 𝑃 𝑖𝑛 𝑛
This is another option for an Overview slides using transitions.
Here n is the order of approximation of Non-Linear Transfer Function. In Harmonic Balance it is referred to as Mix Order.
HB Simulation Overview

69. Circuit for HB Simulation
As in previous section copy cell and provide it a different name.
Circuit for HB Simulation

70. HB Controller Settings
Measurement Equations that can be added to Meas1 Component are
HB Controller Settings

71. Harmonic Balance Simulation
Perform HB simulations & Plot in rectangular plot the output power in dBm.
Double Click Trace to expose its properties
Note that 5 Harmonics are plotted as we selected Harmonic Order 5 in HB Controller
Harmonic Balance Simulation

72. Every Controller allows one parameter sweep
Every Controller allows one parameter sweep. If you wish to perform nested sweeps you can use Parameter Sweep Component from the Palette. HB is no different in this aspect.
Double Click HB Controller to expose its settings
Double Click Trace
Index 1 refers to Fundamental Frequency
Perform Simulation & Drop Rectangular Plot into Data Display Window
Sweep in HB Simulation

73. Plot Vs. Dependent Parameter
Double Click Trace
Similarly plot PAE Vs. Output Power on Right Axis
Plot Vs. Dependent Parameter

74. Large Signal S- Parameters and XDB (Gain Compression) are Simulation Controllers based on Harmonic Balance.
If you are comfortable with Harmonic Balance & Concept of Non-Linearity you may never require these simulators.
These simulations provide you number of equations for qualifying Non-Linearity of a circuit. If you are aware of them you may prefer to write your own equations.
Once you are conversant with X-Parameter extraction, later in the course, you may not require p2d modeling as well. So we have skipped these topics in this course.
Other forms of HB Sim.

75. Next we learn about Transient Simulation!

76. Transient Simulations

77. Transient Simulation Overview
Transient is most commonly used time domain simulator. Frequency domain sources and components can be used in Transient Simulation . Transfer function of frequency domain component is transformed to time domain using Fourier Transform. Followed by Convolution in Time domain.
𝐹 𝑆 > 2𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑔
𝑇= 1 𝐹 𝑆
𝑇< 1 2𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑔 t T
Rules for sampling
Sampling Frequency should be grater than twice the highest signal frequency
Signal Frequencies should be rational fraction of sampling frequency
This is another option for an Overview slides using transitions.
Transient Simulation Overview

78. Class E Switching Amplifier
We will design and simulate a switching amplifier to demonstrate Transient Simulations. Mostly, Digital Circuits are simulated using Transient Simulator to analyze Transient and Steady States of the Circuit Response and Timing
Class E Amplifier is best candidate to demonstrate Transient Simulations due to Mixed Signal nature of circuit
Class E Amplifier Design Inputs to our Proprietary Design Software
Class E Amplifier Design Results
Class E Switching Amplifier

79. Schematic for Transient Simulations
Create a New Cell with Schematic as Default View
For Transient Simulations we will prefer Time Domain Sources
For Ideal Behavior of Class E Amplifier, Transistor acts as Ideal Switch. We will use a switch from System Components.
Dynamic Single Pole Double Throw Switch
Schematic for Transient Simulations

80. Circuit for Transient Simulation
Create the circuit for Class E Amplifier as shown below
Circuit for Transient Simulation

81. Transient Simulation Results
Switch-Off
Switch-On
These are the Ideal Class E Waveforms with correct voltage and current amplitudes & slopes. Note that circuit is allowed to reach steady state and waveforms are plotted from 1.5 to 2 n Seconds.
Transient Simulation Results

82. Next we learn about Envelope Simulation!

83. Envelope Simulations

84. Envelope Simulation Overview
Envelope Simulation is Time Stepped Harmonic Balance. Envelope Simulation is useful where signal has high and low frequency components. Harmonic Balance is used to solve the circuit at high frequency and its harmonics at different time samples of Low Frequency.
Finally, frequency response if obtained by applying Fourier Transform to the time stepped results.
Carrier Frequency t
Baseband Frequency
This is another option for an Overview slides using transitions.
Sampling rate should be at least two times the highest baseband frequency component to avoid Aliasing. We will detail these in Communication System Design Workshop.
Envelope Simulation Overview

85. Schematic for Envelope Simulation
Copy the cell from Harmonic Balance Simulation Exercise and Save it with a different name
In this simulation we will use DSP Based Modulated Source
Schematic for Envelope Simulation

86. Circuit for Transient Simulations
Modify the circuit as shown in figure.
Note that if you are running ADS in 64-bit mode and using Modulated DSP Based Sources you may be requested to run the simulations in ADS 32-bitmode
Circuit for Transient Simulations

87. Envelope Simulation Results
Run Envelope Simulation. Drag and Drop Rectangular Plot on to Data Display Window. Add Vout Trace to be plotted.
Envelope Simulation Results

88. ACPR (Adjacent Channel Power Ratio) is the ratio of power that leaks into Adjacent Bands from Main Band to Power in Main Band. It is expressed in dBc (dB below carrier)
Use Equ from Palette in Data Display Window to write the equations shown below. Function used to compute ACPR is acpr_vr. You can find more details on the function using Function Help.
Use Table to display ACPR
Writing Equations

89. Learn more about Envelope Simulations in PA Design Courses

90. Why No Load Pull?

91. It is wonderful to be able to visualize effects of termination on performance of circuit in certain cases
Device Model is not known specially under certain power and ambient conditions
Device Impedances vary with power and variation is not characterized
50Ω
Capacitive Probe
DUT Port
50Ω Line
50Ω
50Ω
Capacitive Probe
Device Under Test
DUT Port
This is another option for an Overview slides using transitions.
50Ω Line
Same tuning at Source is called Source Pull
A capacitive loaded 50Ω Line can be used to tune termination to any part of the Smith Chart Ideally. However due to loss, best tuners can present maximum VSWR of 0.9
50Ω
Load Pull Overview
Manual Waveguide Tuner

92. Hardware implementation of Load Pull is provided by Maury, Focus and ATN. In any of these systems tuners are controlled by Stepper Motors controlled by a controller
Vector Signal Source
Tuner Controller
Spectrum Analyzer
Power Meter
Cascade Probe Stand
Maury Tuners
Similar Load Pull Setup is available form FOCUS
Load Pull Solutions

93. No Load Pull in Simulations
According to us , Load Pull in Software is waste of computation resources when other techniques are available to inspect impedance & implement proper match
Ideal Directional Coupler
Ideal Directional Coupler
𝑓 0
𝑓 1
𝑓 0
𝑓 1
𝑓 0
𝑓 1
Large Signal Input
Small Signal Input
Circuit Setup for Mix Mode Simulations in ADS
𝑓 1 − 𝑓 0 =∆𝑓
In order to distinguish between two signals
Through this setup we can inspect the Impedance movement with input power
No Load Pull in Simulations

94. Using Example Workspace
We do not have to re-invent the wheel for this simulation. We can copy the Design from Examples and modify it.
Design Examples in latest version of ADS are zapped. You can Un-archive the example workspace and copy the design
Using Example Workspace

95. Adding Reference to Example Workspace
We will add reference to lib file of example project, copy the cell and remove the reference. With project open in Folder View, use ADS Main Window to Manage Libraries.
Adding Reference to Example Workspace

96. Copying Cell from one library to another is same as copying cell within the library. The only difference is that you have to specify the destination library.
Right Click the cell to be copied in Folder View and select Copy Cell
Make sure you select the destination library
Keep the cell name as is
Remove the reference to Example Workspace
Ignore the warning!
Copying Cell

97. Some additional steps we have to do before we start working with Simulation Setup
Right Click and delete the symbol view of the copied cell
Copy Data Display Window to root folder of current workspace.
Copying Data Display

98. Harmonic Balance Setup
Copy Cell ‘LNA’ from previous exercises & save as Cell ‘PA’. Edit its Symbol text to reflect ‘PA’ & Save.
Harmonic Balance Setup

99. HB Results across power
Simulate the circuit. As soon as simulation finishes Data Display Window with all Important Graphs will open.
Large Signal Stability Factor (K) greater than 1 across frequency band & power indicates Stable PA
Match across power shows that improving output match at high power can improve device compression
Plot Gain Vs. Output Power (dBm (HB.b2[1])
HB Results across power

100. Load Pull in Simulations is thing of Past!

101. X- Parameters & Model Extraction

102. In previous exercise, we characterized Power Amplifier (PA) using Large Signal Input as Source and Small Signal Input as Load.
X-Parameters is Generalized Form extended from two tone case as in previous example to a multi-tone case. The tones are Large Signal and Small Signal having different power levels at all the ports. Result is Tabular Representation of response of a non-linear circuit.
X-Parameter Model
𝑎 1
𝑏 2
𝑏 1
𝑎 2
This is another option for an Overview slides using transitions.
Such a model is referred to as X-Parameter Model. X-Parameter model is a file based model.
What are X-Parameters?

103. NVNA (Non-linear Vector Network Analyzer) can be used to generate X-Parameter Model of a DUT (Device Under Test)
X-Parameter based models are non-linear file based models that can be easily generated. Thermal and other effects can not be easily modeled by device models. Passives, transistors, diodes and complete circuits can be modeled using X-Parameters.
X-Parameters can be generated from a Non-linear circuit in ADS and shared thus protecting IP
X-Parameters Models speed up system simulations without compromising accuracy
Applications

104. X_Param Extraction in ADS
Once a non-linear circuit is designed, it can be used in subsequent higher level simulations or co-simulations. As systems become bigger and more complex, simulations consume more memory and run slower.
We can speed up the simulations by extracting & using X Parameters of non-linear sub-circuits. This can be done using components from Simulation- X_Param Palette.
X-Parameter Extraction Controller
Its settings control all aspects of X-Parameter generation
Allows parameter sweep
Swept variable becomes part of X-Parameter Model
Source & Load Impedance, Power and DC should not be swept here.
Used to sweep DC bias
Used to sweep Complex Load Impedance at output port
Used to sweep Complex Power at input port
X_Param Extraction in ADS

105. X-Parameter Extraction Controller
X-Parameter Extraction Controller controls all technicalities of extraction
Frequency List, Harmonic Order, Mix Order, Max X Parameter Order, Status Level
Parameter Sweeps example Frequency, Temperature, Process Variations etc.
Initial Guess for Convergence same as that for Harmonic Balance
Oversampling Ratio (Power Raised to 2)
Choice of Solver- Direct or Krylov
Variable swept to specify frequency band
Harmonic Order of Signal used for HB for X Parameter extraction. This order is not the same for file output
One of the fundamental frequencies is used to establish LSOP (Large Signal Operating Point)
Fundamental frequency list depends on nature of your circuit for example for a mixer RF and LO frequencies can be specified
Transfer function order same as mixing order
Max. number of Harmonic Indices to Output File
X-Parameter Extraction Controller

106. Sweeps in Extraction Sweep Bias Conditions Sweep Complex Power
X-Parameter Model can be extracted for different applications. You may desire X-Parameter Model that allows user to perform a Load Pull and/or a Source Pull, Sweep Input Power or observe the effect of changing bias conditions.
Sweep Bias Conditions
Sweep Complex Power
Sweep Complex Load
Sweeps in Extraction

107. Schematic for X_Param Extraction
Right Click on Workspace in Folder View in ADS Main Window & create a New Schematic. Name the schematic appropriately.
Setup to extract X-Parameter is elaborate so we will show all details with every component
Step1:
Create a variable for frequency
Step2:
Create a Linear Sweep Plan using Sweep Plan Component from Simulation: X_Param Palette
Step3:
Drop X-Parameter Controller on to Schematic
This is another option for an Overview slides using transitions.
Schematic for X_Param Extraction

108. X- Parameter Extraction Setup
Double Click X-Parameter Controller to expose its settings
Step4:
Check the Output GMDIF File & specify file name
Step5:
Under Freq Tab Specify Frequency List, HB Order, X-Parameter Max Order
Step6:
Under Sweep Tab specify frequency variable and associated Sweep Plan
Step7:
This is another option for an Overview slides using transitions.
Under Initial Guess Tab enable TAHB
Max X-Parameter Order < HB Order
X- Parameter Extraction Setup

109. X- Parameter Extraction Setup
Step8:
Under Oversample Tab specify oversample ratio. Minimum value is 2*highest frequency+1.
Step9:
Use PA Component from ADS Main Window & Components from Simulation: X_Param Palette to create the circuit shown in figure
Step11:
Set Drain XP_Bias Voltage to 4V
Step10:
Double Click XP_Bias to expose its properties. Set DC Voltage/ Current as single point or sweep.
X- Parameter Extraction Setup

110. X- Parameter Extraction Setup
Note that none of the practical microwave circuits are Unilateral. The standard Agilent recommended procedure to place XP_Source at the input and XP_Laod at the output of DUT does not yield proper impedances.
X Parameters can not be treated like S-Parameters due to LSOP changing with termination.
Step13:
Set output port XP_Source Complex Power Sweep
Step14:
Simulate the setup
This is another option for an Overview slides using transitions.
Step12:
Set input port XP_Source Complex Power Sweep
X- Parameter Extraction Setup

111. Multiple Schematic Views
Delete
Right Click on PA cell & Copy View
Open the view and replace the circuit with X Parameter Data Item
Name the View
Multiple Schematic Views

112. X Parameter Validation
Mix Mode Harmonic Balance Setup in “No Load Pull” Section can serve as best candidate to validate the following
Power Amplifier Compression(Gain & Phase Characteristics) 1
Large Signal Stability Factor 2
Reverse Isolation (Magnitude & Phase) 3
Input & output Impedances 4
Write following equations using Measurement Equation
Disable Parameter Sweep
X Parameter Validation

113. Setup For X_Param. Simulation
1: Set the power sweep in HB Controller
3: Perform the simulations
Delete
4: Change the View of the Cell
5: Change the Dataset & Re- sim.
2: Delete the Data Display Window
Setup For X_Param. Simulation

114. Circuit Vs. X Parameter Model
Use Rectangular Plots to plot Data from Two Data Sets. You will observe that Large Signal Performance of X Parameter Model closely matches that of the circuit
Gain Vs. Input Power
Large Signal Stability Factor Vs. Input Power
Reverse Isolation Vs. Input Power
Exact Impedance Match across power
Gain Vs. Output Power
Circuit Vs. X Parameter Model

115. X Parameters are to be used cautiously!

116. Today’s Overview 1 2 3 Our Focus has been general use of ADS
We worked with circuit simulations only 2
We have worked with external library components 3
This is another option for an Overview slide.

117. Further Learning Objectives
Electromagnetic Simulations
RF System Simulations
DSP Simulations
Working with real Semiconductors
Design for Manufacturing
What will the audience be able to do after this training is complete? Briefly describe each objective how the audience will benefit from this presentation.

118. Microsoft Engineering Excellence
Questions?
Microsoft Confidential