1. What Is Biotechnology?
Amrapali A. Akhare

2. What Is Biotechnology?
Using scientific methods with organisms to produce new products or new forms of organisms
Any technique that uses living organisms or substances from those organisms to make or modify a product, to improve plants or animals, or to develop microorganisms for specific uses
The application of biological organisms, systems or processes to manufacturing and service industries
Amrapali A. Akhare

3. Biotechnology ?
The integrated use of biochemistry, microbiology and engineering sciences in order to achieve technological (industrial) application capabilities of microorganism, cultured tissue cells and part there of.
A technology using biological phenomena by copying and manufacturing various kinds of useful substance.
The application of scientific and engineering principles to the processing of materials by biological-agents to provide goods and services.
Amrapali A. Akhare

4. Biotechnology ?
The use of living organism and their component in agriculture, food and other industrial processes
The use of microbial, animal and plant cells or enzymes to synthesize, breakdown and transform materials
The integration of natural sciences and organisms, cells, parts thereof and molecular analogues to product and services
Amrapali A. Akhare

5. Recombinant DNA Technology?
Manipulation of genes is called genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology
Genetic engineering involves taking one or more genes from a location in one organism and either
Transferring them to another organism
Putting them back into the original organism in different combinations
GMO- genetically modified organisms.
GEO- genetically enhanced organisms.
With both, the natural genetic material of the organism has been altered.
Amrapali A. Akhare

6. History
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7. Stages of Biotechnology Development
Ancient biotechnology
early history as related to food and shelter; Includes domestication
Classical biotechnology
built on ancient biotechnology; Fermentation promoted food production, and medicine
Modern biotechnology
manipulates genetic information in organism; Genetic engineering
Amrapali A. Akhare

8. TRADITIONAL PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
Traditional/old biotechnology
The conventional techniques that have been used to produce beer, wine, cheese, many other food
TRADITIONAL PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
breeding
tissue culture
inter-specific hybridisation
mapping phenotypic/biochemical markers
Amrapali A. Akhare

9. New/modern biotechnology
All methods of genetic modification by recombinant DNA and cell fusion techniques, together with the modern development of traditional biotechnological process
Amrapali A. Akhare

10. Areas of Biotechnology
Organismic biotechnology
uses intact organisms; Does not alter genetic material
Molecular biotechnology
alters genetic makeup to achieve specific goals
Transgenic organism- an organism with artificially altered genetic material
Amrapali A. Akhare

11. What Subjects Are Involved With Biotechnology?
Multidisciplinary- involving a number of disciplines that are coordinated for a desired outcome
Science
Life sciences
Physical sciences
Social sciences
Amrapali A. Akhare

12. What Subjects Are Involved With Biotechnology?
Mathematics
Applied sciences
Computer applications
Engineering
Agriculture
Amrapali A. Akhare

13. Biotechnology: A collection of technologies
Amrapali A. Akhare

14. What is the career outlook in biotechnology?
Biotech in 1998
1,300 companies in the US
2/3 have less than 135 employees
140,000 jobs
Jobs will continue to increase exponentially
Jobs are available to high school graduates through PhD’s
Amrapali A. Akhare

15. The Applications of Biotechnology
Medical Biotechnology
Diagnostics
Therapeutics
Vaccines
Agricultural Biotechnology
Plant agriculture
Animal agriculture
Food processing
Food products
Industry and manufacturing
Environmental Biotechnology
Cleaning through bioremediation
Preventing environmental problems
Monitoring the environment
Amrapali A. Akhare

16. Plant agriculture Plant Biotechnology Crop production and protection
Genetically engineered (transgenic) crops
Using biological methods to protect crops
Exploiting cooperative relationships in nature
Nutritional value of crops
Improving food quality and safety
Healthier cooking oils by decreasing the concentration of saturated fatty acids in vegetable oils
Functional foods
Foods containing significant levels of biologically active components that impart health benefits
Plant Biotechnology
Amrapali A. Akhare

17. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
a process to produce a genetically modified plant by removing genetic information from an organism, manipulating it in the laboratory and then transferring it into a plant to change certain of its characteristics .
Now use a molecular approach to manipulation:
molecular markers & mapping
gene cloning
plant transformation
Amrapali A. Akhare

18. Exogenous genes (non-plant genes)
pathogen-derived genes
bacterial genes
any other organism
Exogenous genes (non-plant genes)
Applications:
transgenic
Pathogen resistance
Herbicide resistance
bioreactors
Delivery systems
Amrapali A. Akhare

19. Endogenous genes (Plant genes)
Enzymes in biochemical pathway
Natural resistance genes
Endogenous genes (Plant genes)
Gene discovery (functional genomics)
Mapping
ESTs, libraries
Silencing, expression
Mutants, arrays
Applications:
markers
transgenic
Marker assisted breeding
Plant improvement
Amrapali A. Akhare

20. Plant Tissue Culture and Applications
Micro-propagation
Somatic Embryos
Chemicals from Plants
Other Uses of Tissue Culture
Protoplast Fusion
Somaclonal Variation
Germplasm Storage
Plant Genetic Engineering
Plant Transformation
Transgenic Plant
Amrapali A. Akhare

21. What Are Genetic Engineering Organisms?
Genetic engineering- artificially changing the genetic information in the cells of organisms
Transgenic- an organism that has been genetically modified
GMO- a genetically modified organism
GEO- a genetically enhanced organism
Amrapali A. Akhare

22. Why Change an organism? To get desirable traits Economic gain
Increase production
Disease resistance
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23. How Can Genetically Engineered Plants Be Used?
Agriculture
Horticulture
Forestry
Environment
Food Quality
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24. What Are Methods of Classical Biotechnology?
Plant breeding- improvement of plants by breeding selected individuals to achieve desired goals
Cultivar- a cultivated crop variety
Amrapali A. Akhare

25. What Are Methods of Classical Biotechnology?
Plant breeding methods;
Line breeding- breeding successive generations of plants among themselves
Crossbreeding- breeding plants of different varieties or species
Hybridization- breeding individuals from two distinctly different varieties
Selection
Amrapali A. Akhare

26. Why Are Plants Genetically Engineered?
Resist pests
Resist herbicides
Improved product quality
Pharmaceuticals
Industrial products
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27. What Is Bioremediation?
Bioremediation- using biological processes to solve environmental problems
Biodegradation- natural processes of microbes in breaking down hydrocarbon materials
Biodegradable- capable of being decomposed by microbes
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28. How Can Bioremediation Be Used?
Oil spills
Wastewater treatment
Heavy metal removal
Chemical degradation
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29. What Is Phytoremediation?
Phytoremediation- process of plants being used to solve pollution problems
Plants absorb and break down pollutants
Used with heavy metals, pesticides, explosives, and leachate
Amrapali A. Akhare

30. Compost bin- a facility that contains materials for composting
What Is Composting?
Composting- a process that promotes biological decomposition of organic matter
Compost bin- a facility that contains materials for composting
In-vessel composting- using enclosed containers for composting
Amrapali A. Akhare

31. People in Biotech Zacharias Janssen
Discovered the principle of the compound microscope in 1590
Dutch eye glass maker
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32. What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Developed single lens microscope in 1670’s
First to observe tiny organisms and document observations
Discovered cells
Bacteria
Protists
Red blood
Amrapali A. Akhare

33. What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology?
Gregor Johan Mendel
Discovered genetics
Formulated basic laws of heredity during mid 1800’s
Austrian Botanist and monk
Experimented with peasStudied inheritance of seven pairs of traits
Bred and crossbred thousands of plants
Determined that some traits were dominant and other recessiveFindings were published in 1866
Largely ignored for 34 years
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34. Anton V.L. Work led to modern microscopes
Electron microscope developed in 1931 by group of German scientists
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35. What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology?
Walter Sutton
Discovered Chromosomes
Determined in 1903 that chromosomes carried units of heredity identified by Mendel
Named “genes” in 1909 by Wilhelm Johannsen, Danish Botanist
Amrapali A. Akhare

36. What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology?
Thomas Hunt Morgan
Discovered how genes are transmitted through chromosomes
Studied genetics of fruit flies
Early 1900’s
Experimented with eye color
His work contributed to the knowledge of X and Y chromosomes
Nobel Peace Prize in 1933 for research in gene theory
Amrapali A. Akhare

37. What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology?
Ernst Ruska
Invented the electron microscope
Build the first electron microscope in 1932
German electrical engineer
Microscope offered 400X magnification
Amrapali A. Akhare

38. What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology?
Sir Alexander Fleming
Discovered penicillin in 1928
First antibiotic drug used in treating human disease
Observed growth of molds (Penicillium genus) in a dish that also contracted bacteria
Bacteria close to the molds were dead
Extracting and purifying the molds took a decade of research
Penicillin first used in 1941Penicillin credited with saving many lives during WWII when wounded soldiers developed infections.
Amrapali A. Akhare

39. What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology?
Rosalind Elsie Franklin
Research led to the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA
Research in France and England in mid 1900’s
Her early research was used to produce an atomic bomb
Set up X ray diffraction lab
Photographs of DNA showed that it could have a double helix structureSome questions surround the theft of her work in 1952
Including x ray photographs
Amrapali A. Akhare

40. What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology?
James Watson and Francis Crick
Collaborated to produce the first model of DNA structure in 1953
Described DNA dimensions and spacing of base pairs
Had major impact on genetic engineering carried out today
Amrapali A. Akhare

41. What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology?
Mary-Claire King
Mapped human genes for research of cancer treatments
Research into nature of DNA during late 1900’s
Determined that 99% of human DNA is identical to chimpanzee
1975 found similar gene pools between humans and chimpanzee made it possible to research hereditary causes of breast cancer
Amrapali A. Akhare

42. What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology?
Ian Wilmut
Created the first true clone, the Dorset ewe Dolly
Cloning of a sheep named Dolly in 1997
Produced from tissue of an adult sheep
Previous cloning efforts had been from early embryos
Amrapali A. Akhare

43. Johan Friedrich Miescher
Swiss Biologist
Isolated nuclei of white blood cells in 1869
Led to identification of nucleic acid by Walter Flemming
Amrapali A. Akhare

44. Watson Born in the US Crick – born in England
Collaborative research at Cambridge University in England
Amrapali A. Akhare

45. Norman E. Borlaug Developed wheat varieties producing high yields
Research in Mexico
Semi dwarf varieties
Developed wheat variety that would grow in climates where other varieties would not
Amrapali A. Akhare

46. Borlaug Nobel Peace Prize in 1971
Credited with helping relieve widespread hunger in some nations
Amrapali A. Akhare

47. Products of Biotechnology
Amrapali A. Akhare

48. Products of Biotechnology
One of the first commercial products of genetic engineering was insulin
E. coli bacteria was genetically engineered to produce insulin.
Amrapali A. Akhare

49. Products of Biotechnology
BST (Bovine Somatotropin)
Increases milk production in dairy cattle.
BST became available commercially as a result of genetic engineering
Amrapali A. Akhare

50. Animal Feed
Livestock such as cattle are commonly fed genetically engineered feed (corn, grain)
Amrapali A. Akhare

51. Products of Biotechnology
Herbicide Resistant Crops
Amrapali A. Akhare

52. Products of Biotechnology
Biodiesel - diesel-equivalent, processed fuel derived from biological sources.
Amrapali A. Akhare

53. Biotechnology in Animal Science
used in determining the sex and parents of animals
Artificial Insemination allows us to control genetic input of offspring.
Amrapali A. Akhare

54. Biotechnology in Animal Science
Embryo Transfer – Allows for cattle to have multiple calves per year.
Amrapali A. Akhare

55. Pharming
Pharming is the production of pharmaceuticals in animals engineered to contain a foreign, drug-producing gene.
Amrapali A. Akhare

56. Pharming
These goats contain the human gene for a clot-dissolving protein that is produced in their milk.
Amrapali A. Akhare

57. Biotechnology in Animal Science
Cloning creates a genetically identical copy of an animal or plant.
Plants are often cloned – cuttings
Human identical twins are also clones.
Amrapali A. Akhare

58. Regulations
Prior to marketing products from biotechnology, Companies works with regulatory agencies in the U.S. and many other countries to assess the products’:
Safety
Nutrition
Agronomic performance.
Amrapali A. Akhare

59. Ethics in Biotechnology
Amrapali A. Akhare

60. Why Ethics in Biotechnology
New technology.
Plurality of moral convictions.
Divergent economic, political, and social objectives.
Growing sensitivity of the public.
Doubts of the public about internal control mechanism of scientific institutions and the scientific community to adequately consider moral implications of research and its consequences.
Complexity of ethical issues involved.
Amrapali A. Akhare

61. Bioethics
Bioethics: A discipline dealing with the ethical implications of biological research and applications
Bioethics: a discipline dealing with the ethical implications of biological research and applications
Ethics: motivation based on ideas of right and wrong
Amrapali A. Akhare

62. Ethics and Biotech
Not everyone believes that biotechnology is going to benefit us in the future.
Let nature be… not in God’s plan… etc…
Amrapali A. Akhare

63. Concerns Unexpected impact on environment and to other organisms
Expanse of G.E organisms
Safety of foods
Lack of education
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64. Concerns
Some countries have banned GMO’s and others have turned down food that has been genetically modified.
Amrapali A. Akhare

65. Two Kinds of Ethical Arguments Used to Evaluate Concerns Over Biotechnology
Extrinsic objections say the possible consequences of some biotech applications are objectionable, but others may be acceptable
GMOs are wrong because risks outweigh benefits.
Intrinsic objections say the process of biotechnology is objectionable in itself
GMOs are wrong , no matter how great the benefits.
Comments on Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Objections:
These terms are simply one way to formulate ethical arguments for and against something, ultimately leading to a deeper understanding of the issue. Intrinsic objections basically argue that the ends do not justify the means. For example, if you believe that taking another life is wrong under any circumstances, the “good” that could come out of “murder” is irrelevant. That would include taking another life in war, for self-defense, or to protect your daughter from a rapist.
Thus, if someone finds that “any technique that uses living organisms...” is unacceptable based on intrinsic objections, biotechnology would be unacceptable. Period.
Extrinsic objections argue that the means may be acceptable, but the ends are not. Using the example above, it may be permissible to “take another life” under certain conditions but not others (just because that $*#* took your parking space!).
This exercise was to simply help students analyze in a more structured manner why they object to biotechnology (or anything else for that matter). Further, if their arguments fall under the extrinsic objections category, using sound logical analysis, a person can better explore under what conditions do they find biotechnology acceptable and why. Is Bt corn ok - but human cloning not? This would incorporate the possible positive social and/or environmental consequences regarding biotechnology. This discussion is also a perfect lead-in to classroom activities on risk identification, assessment and management.
Amrapali A. Akhare