1. Unit 3 Biotechnology Examine elements of biotechnology.

2. Introduction Biotechnology –Application of living processes to technology –Use of microorganisms, animal cells, plant cells, or components of cells to produce products or carry out processes with living organisms

3. Historic Applications of Biotechnology Yeast to make bread to rise Bacteria to ferment sauerkraut Bacteria to produce dozens of types of cheeses and other dairy products Microorganisms to transform fruit and grains to alcoholic beverages Bacteria to convert green grasses and grains to silage

4. Improving Plant and Animal Performance Improvement by selection –Best plants or animals chosen to produce next generation –Selective breeding: selecting parents to get desirable offspring

5. Improving Plant and Animal Performance (cont’d.) Improvement by genetics –Gregor Johann Mendel discovered the effects of genetics on plants and illustrated dominance Heredity Genes Generation (progeny) –Mendel’s recorded work provided foundation for the study of heredity

6. Agri-Profile Career area: genetic engineering –Specialists using genetic engineering: biologists, microbiologists, plant breeders, animal physiologists, etc. –Work settings: field, laboratory, classroom, and commercial operations –Numerous and expanding opportunities

7. DNA—Genetic Code of Life Acronym for deoxyribonucleic acid Transmitter of hereditary information

8. Science Connection Trait predictability –Characteristic of an organism –Punnett square –Alleles –Homozygous –Heterozygous

9. DNA—Genetic Code of Life (cont’d.) Friedrich Meischer: nucleic acid DNA in all living cells –Similar in structure, function, and composition –Transmitter of hereditary information

10. DNA—Genetic Code of Life (cont’d.) Genes: small sections of DNA responsible for traits –Chromosomes: rod-like structures –Occur in pairs of linked strands (twisted ladder) –Bases: chemicals that connect strands—adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) –Order of bases between the strands: controls genetic traits

12. DNA—Genetic Code of Life (cont’d.) Mapping –Identifying a gene’s location on a chromosome Gene splicing (recombinant DNA technology) –Removing DNA segments and inserting new genes in a sequence Gene mapping –Finding and recording the locations of genes

13. DNA—Genetic Code of Life (cont’d.) Cloning –Making an exact duplicate Genetic engineering –Moving genetic information from one cell to another

14. Improving Plants and Animals Life forms improved by manipulating cells’ genetic content Examples –Plants: ice-minus –Animals: Bovine Somatotropin (BST) and Porcine Somatotropin (PST) –Humans or animals: disease resistance

16. Solving Problems with Microbes Microbes –Reproduce quickly and lend themselves to genetic engineering –Escherichia coli: genetically engineered to produce insulin for human use

18. Hot Topics in Agriscience Transgenic animals—a new kind of farming –New gene: inserted into the chromosomes –Products produced for human use, e.g., insulin and growth hormone –Other products: Human Protein C, hemoglobin, and Factors VIII and XI –“Living drug factory”

19. Waste Management Waste-management solutions: genetically altered bacteria –Feed on oil slicks and spills –Decompose or deactivate dioxin, PCB, insecticides, herbicides, and other chemicals in waterways –Convert human and livestock solid waste to methane fuel for electricity or heat

20. Safety in Biotechnology Monitoring by state/federal governments –Fear of genetically modified organisms –Many regulations developed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) –Discussion and interaction by scientists, government agencies, and other authorities –Controlled product testing

21. Bio-Tech Connection Cloning of a mule –Idaho Gem: first clone from the horse family; first clone of a hybrid animal incapable of reproduction –What is the significance of this and other cloning events?

22. Safety in Biotechnology (cont’d.) Historic customer resistance to biotech products, though diminishing

23. Ethics in Biotechnology Ethics –System of moral principles that defines what is right and wrong in a society Genetic manipulation: raises ethical questions

24. Ethics in Biotechnology (cont’d.) Ethics discussions as part of the biotechnology revolution –Help scientists and consumers decide how to handle biotechnology issues –Basis for new laws and courtroom decisions

25. Science Connection “Fingerprinting” organisms –USDA microbiologists at the National Animal Disease Center in Ames, Iowa –Food poisoning cases solved via DNA matching (“fingerprinting”) by linking: 1. Persons who became ill 2. Contaminated food that caused the poisoning 3. Place where the food was contaminated 4. Materials from which the food poisoning organisms originated and spread