1. The Protestant Reformation

2. Church more interested in income than souls
Causes
Church more interested in income than souls
Selling of indulgences.
Popes acting like political leaders and warriors instead of providing spiritual leadership
Priests acting improperly
Church ignoring calls from Christian humanists for return to simple Christian ethics

3. Martin Luther German religious reformer Began Protestant Reformation
Believed Christians are saved only by faith in God, not by good deeds
Faith should be guided only by the Bible and trust in God’s love and mercy
1517 – posted the Ninety-five Theses – an opposition to indulgences
1520 – Excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church
1521 – Put of trial at the Diet of Worms

4. His influence spread Northern Europe: Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Iceland
Peace of Augsburg – allowed princes to choose Catholicism or Lutheranism
– by then around half of Germany was Lutheran.

5. Huldrich Zwingli
Leader of the Swiss Reformation
Influenced by humanism and Erasmus
His preaching at the Great Cathedral in Zurich attracted large audiences
Via the printing press his ideas were soon widespread

6. Catholic Response
The pope was angered and asked the Zurich city council to declare Zwingli a heretic.
The council instead supported Zwingli and withdrew Zurich from the Roman Catholic Church.
Other Swiss towns joined Zurich but the countryside remained Catholic which soon led to civil war.
Today – Switzerland is still half Catholic/half Protestant.

7. John Calvin French church reformer who moved to Geneva, Switzerland.
Believed that God alone directs everything that happens in the past, present, and future controlling the fate of every person – a doctrine known as predestination.
It is only the individual's final destiny that is predetermined, not the individual's actions, which remains as free will.

8. Life under Calvin
Geneva was almost constant threat from Catholic armies – a walled fortress with little help from allies.
Harsh quality of life – need for commerce promoted capitalism.
Hard work was a moral virtue.
Fighting, swearing, drunkenness, gambling, card playing, and dancing were all banned. Homes were inspected annually to enforce compliance.
Reformers from all over Europe were attracted to what became known as the “City of the Saints”
It became the basis for English Puritanism which heavily influenced American Protestantism and the early American work ethic.

9. The English Reformation
Meet Henry VIII

10. In the early 1500s, Henry was the King of England.

11. Henry had a problem.

12. Meet Henry’s wife, Catherine of Aragon.

13. Henry and Catherine had a daughter, Mary.+ =
Henry VIII
Catherine of Aragon
Mary I

14. Women in Henry’s time typically weren’t allowed to rule.
Henry wanted a son to pass on his throne to when he died.
He and Catherine kept trying for a son.

15. Following two miscarriages, Catherine delivered three more children, including two sons, but all had died within days of birth.
By the 1520s, Catherine passed beyond her child-bearing years.

16. Although Henry still had Mary, he was deeply disappointed by the lack of a male heir.

17. Henry blamed Catherine for the lack of a son.
In 1527, Henry asked the pope in Rome for an annulment to his marriage.
Henry’s problem was politics.

18. Catherine was a good Catholic
Catherine was a good Catholic. Her parents had been Ferdinand and Isabella, the powerful rulers of Spain, the mightiest nation on Earth, and strong supporters of the Catholic church.

19. Now, Catherine’s cousin, Charles V, was a devoted Catholic too, and the most powerful man in Europe, as King of the Holy Roman Empire.

20. The pope didn’t want to upset Charles. So he told Henry no divorce.

21. So Henry broke England’s ties with the Church in Rome.
Henry declared himself head of the Church of England
All church property was confiscated by the state (valued at three times Henry’s own wealth), and the Bible was translated into English.

22. Otherwise, things pretty much remained the same.

23. The Dissolution of the Monasteries
The Dissolution of the Monasteries was the set of administrative and legal processes between 1536 and 1541 by which Henry VIII disbanded Catholic monasteries, priories, convents and friaries in England, Wales and Ireland, appropriated their income, disposed of their assets, and reassigned or dismissed their former members and functions.
He basically fired everyone & took their land, wealth, & income. In the end he had completely wiped out the Catholic Church in England.

24. Henry divorced Catherine, married his mistress, Anne Boleyn, and produced another daughter, Elizabeth. + =
Henry VIII
Anne Boleyn
Elizabeth I

25. When Anne gave birth to a girl, Henry accused her of adultery and had her beheaded.
He was engaged to Jane Seymour the following day.

26. With Jane, his third wife, Henry finally had his long sought for son, Edward!+ =
Henry VIII
Jane Seymour
Edward VI

27. Twelve days later, Jane died from complications of giving birth.

28. Henry had three more wives after Jane, but no more children.

29. Anne of Cleves
DIVORCED

30. Catherine Howard
BEHEADED

31. Catherine Parr
DIED

32. Succeeded by his son: Edward VI
1547:
Henry VIII dies
Succeeded by his son: Edward VI

33. 1553
Edward VI
dies
Succeeded by
Mary I
“Bloody Mary”

34. 1558:
Mary I dies
Succeeded by:
Elizabeth I

35. Elizabeth I
Queen of England
(ruled )

36. Elizabeth:
Firmly established Protestantism in England, but tolerance of Catholics
Encouraged English enterprise and commerce
Defended the nation against the powerful Spanish Armada

37. The Counter-Reformation
Most of the southern Europe remained Catholic.
1530s –launched to stop spread of Protestantism.
Its methods included an expansion of the Inquisition, the creation of the Index of Forbidden Books, and the Council of Trent.
The Council set the standard of faith and practice for Catholics until the mid-20th century clearly defined Catholic beliefs, especially teachings that Protestants had challenged.
Also, the sale of indulgences was ended.

38. Ignatius de Loyola founded Jesuit order to spread the church by meeting its most urgent needs.
Jesuits highly disciplined, highly educated, and pledged absolute obedience to the pope.
Jesuits helped spread Catholicism around the globe –to India, China, Japan, Brazil, Ethiopia, and elsewhere.

39. By 1545, Europe was roughly divided into a Protestant north and a Catholic south.
This ended a century of terrible religious wars.