1. Pathogens

2. Odd one out Select an odd one out from each line. Bacteria Virus Flea
Germ
Pathogen

3. How do we catch different illnesses?
Catching a cold
Catching flu
Chicken Pox
Food poisoning
Diarrhoea
Measles
Cold sore
‘Sickness’

4. Catching a disease

5. What are micro-organisms and microbes?
They are the same thing
There are 5 different groups;
Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Algae
Protozoa
A pathogen is a
micro-organism that causes a disease
A disease is the effect of a pathogen e.g. Varicella zoster virus is the pathogen and the disease is Chicken Pox .
An infectious disease is something that you catch

6. How are bacteria and viruses different from each other?
Smaller than a bacteria
Reproduce rapidly
Do not produce toxins
Need to live inside living cells,
as they take over the cell to
reproduce
They damage our cells which make
us ill.
They all cause disease
Larger than a virus
Reproduce rapidly
Produce toxins that make you
feel ill
Many are harmless
Some harm the cells directly

7. Why would these people be more likely to catch a disease?

8. Droplet infection
Droplets full of pathogens get breathed in by others.

9. Direct contact
Some diseases are spread by direct contact of the skin.

10. Contaminated food and drink
Eating raw or undercooked food, or drinking water containing sewage means millions of pathogens get straight into your gut.

11. Pathogen enter the body directly via cuts, scratches and punctures.
Break in the skin
Pathogen enter the body directly via cuts, scratches and punctures.

12. ... otherwise known as childbirth fever
What links...
Elizabeth of York
(Henry VIII’s mother)
Jane Seymour
(Henry VIII’s third wife)
Katherine Parr
(Henry VIII’s sixth wife)
... and 17% of women who gave birth in Vienna General Hospital in 1842?
They all died of puerperal fever...
... otherwise known as childbirth fever
Mary Wollstonecraft
(Early Feminist Writer)
Isabella Beeton
(Cookbook Writer)

13. Early pioneer of antiseptic procedures.
Described as the "saviour of mothers"
Semmelweis was a doctor at Vienna General Hospital
The hospital ran two maternity clinics
- over 10% of mothers in the First Clinic regularly died of puerperal fever
Ignaz Semmelweis
(1818 – 1865)
Hungarian physician
- half as many mothers in the Second Clinic died of puerperal fever
The First Clinic was used to train medical students
The Second Clinic was used to train midwives

14. They did not wash their hands after finishing
Medical students spent their mornings before their clinic doing dissections on cadavers
They did not wash their hands after finishing
1847: Semmelweis’s friend, Jacob Kolletschka dies after he is accidentally stabbed with a student’s scalpel during a dissection
Jakob Kolletschka
( )
Professor of Forensic Medicine
at Vienna General Hospital
Kolletschka’s symptoms were similar to those of puerperal fever
CONCLUSIONS
The students were transferring something from the cadavers to the mothers on their hands
He could prevent deaths from puerperal fever by getting the medical students to disinfect their hands

15. Semmelweis made doctors who had been carrying out dissections
Semmelweis made doctors who had been carrying out dissections or autopsies wash their hands with a chlorine handwash before seeing patients
This dramatically cut deaths from puerperal fever

16. Semmelweis had difficulty persuading other
Semmelweis had difficulty persuading other doctors to wash their hands because he couldn’t explain why washing hands was important
We now know that puerperal fever is caused by a type of bacteria known as Streptococci
These bacteria are found in the throat and nasal passages of most healthy people

17. Ignaz Semmelweiss What did Semmelweiss observe happening in hospitals?
What did he tell his medical students to do?
What effect did this have?
How has this impacted on what we do today in hospitals?
Why was Semmelweiss ideas not accepted initially?
Discuss if these reasons are justified