1. Human Anatomy & Physiology
Reproductive System
Human Anatomy & Physiology

2. Male Reproductive System

3. Male Reproductive System
Labeling
Testis
Epididymis
Scrotum
Vas deferens
Prostate
Seminal vesicle
Urinary bladder
Rectum
Penis
Cowper’s Glands
Urethra

4. Testes Suspended in the scrotum Testes (2 of them) Male gonads
Seminiferous tubules
Site of sperm formation in the testes
FSH stimulates sperm production
Leydig cells (interstitial cells)
Scattered among the seminiferous tubules
Produce testosterone
LH stimulates testosterone production
Epididymis
Tube in the testes where sperm gain mobility
Suspended in the scrotum

5. Epididymis Sperm leave the testes and enter the epididymis
Tightly coiled tube, 20 feet long
Located in the scrotum, just above the testes
Function
Store sperm until it matures and gains motility
Produce fluid which becomes part of semen

7. Sperm Cell a head containing the nucleus
Midpiece
Mitochondria
Tail
Consists of:
a head containing the nucleus
a midpiece containing energy- releasing mitochondria
a tail, which propels the cell forward
The sperm is the male gamete, or sex cell.
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8. Epididymis and Sperm

9. Vas Deferens
Function
Receives sperm from the epididymis
Temporarily stores sperm
Tube that is cut during a vasectomy, the procedure to produce sterility in males

10. Seminal Vesicles 2 small tubes located behind the bladder Function
Produce a thick, yellow, rich in sugar that nourish the sperm
This fluid composes a large part of the semen

11. Ejaculatory Ducts 2 short tubes
Carry sperm and fluids known as semen through the prostate gland into the urethra

12. Prostate Gland Located below the bladder
Produces an alkaline secretion that increases sperm motility and neutralizes the acidity of the vagina
During ejaculation, the prostate gland
Contracts causing the expulsion of semen
Closes off the urethra, preventing urine passage through the urethra

13. Cowper’s Gland 2 small glands located below the prostate gland
Secrete a mucous- like fluid that serves as a lubricant for intercourse and an alkaline fluid to decrease the acidity of the urine residue in the urethra

14. Urethra
Tube that extends from the bladder, through the penis, to the outside of the body
Carries semen and urine
5-7 inches long in male

15. Penis External male reproductive organ
Glans penis - enlarged structure on the end of the penis
This is covered by the prepuce or foreskin
The foreskin is removed in a procedure called circumcision
Penis is made of spongy, erectile tissue
During sexual arousal, the erectile tissue fills with blood from the arteries, causing an erection
Functions
male organ of copulation/intercourse
Elimination of urine from the bladder

16. Ejaculation
The male gonads, or testes, consist of highly coiled tubes surrounded by connective tissue
Sperm form in these seminiferous tubules
From the seminiferous tubules of a testis, sperm pass into the coiled tubules of the epididymis
During ejaculation, sperm are propelled through the muscular vas deferens and the ejaculatory duct, and then exit the penis through the urethra

17. Semen
Three sets of accessory glands add secretions to the semen, the fluid that is ejaculated
The two seminal vesicles contribute about 60% of the total volume of semen
The prostate gland secretes its thin milky fluid containing enzymes and sperm nourishment directly into the urethra
The Cowper’s gland secretes a clear mucus before ejaculation that neutralizes acidic urine remaining in the urethra

18. The Male Hormone Pattern

19. Reproductive Hormones
Androgen: Testosterone
Primary sex characteristics
development of the vas deferens and other ducts
development of the external reproductive structures
sperm production
Secondary sex characteristics
Deeper voice
Axillary and pubic hair
Chest and facial hair
Lengthen bones
Increased size of testes for sperm production

21. Reproductive Hormones
Gonadotropic Hormones
Released from the Anterior Pituitary Gland
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
stimulates production of sperm
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
stimulates secretion of testosterone

22. The Male Pattern

23. The Male Pattern The male hormone pattern is continuous.
The principle male sex hormones are androgens specifically testosterone.
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Produced by the hypothalamus
Regulates FSH and LH levels
Controlled by negative feedback from FSH and LH

24. Sperm Production Regulation
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25. Spermatogenesis Process of sperm production
Continuous process that begins at puberty and continues through life
LH induces Leydig cells to produce testosterone
Together with FSH, testoterone stimulates sperm production in the seminiferous tubules.

26. REVIEW VIDEO

27. Testicular Cancer Cancer of the testicles Frequent in men 20- 35
Highly malignant and spreads quickly
Treatment
Orchiectomy, radiation
ACS
American Cancer Society
Recommends STE
Self testicular exam

28. Female Reproductive System

31. Ovaries
Female gonads
2 small almond-shaped glands, located in the abdominal cavity, attached to the uterus by ligaments
Contains thousands of small sacs called follicles
Each follicle contains an immature egg or ovum
Produce the hormones estrogen and progesterone
Responsible for the secondary sex characteristics – breasts, hips widen, body hair

32. Ovulation The maturing and release of an egg every
Occurs every 28 days
If egg is not fertilized, the body sheds the lining of the uterus and menstruation occurs

33. Fallopian Tubes 2 of them 5 inches in length
Attached to the upper part of the uterus
Function
Move the ovum from the ovary to the uterus
Cilia and peristalsis keep the ovum moving
Site of fertilization, the union of the egg and sperm

34. Uterus Hollow, muscular, pear- shaped organ 3 parts Function Layers
Fundus – top
Body – middle
Cervix – narrow bottom
Function
Organ of menstruation
Allows for the development and growth of the fetus
Contracts during birth to aid in the expulsion of the fetus
Layers
- endometrial
- If fertilization does not occur, this lining deteriorate, resulting in menstruation

35. Vagina
Muscular tube that connects the cervix to the outside of the body
Function
Passageway for menstrual flow
Receives sperm and semen from the male
Female organ of copulation
Birth canal during delivery of the infant

36. Bartholin’s Glands
2 small glands on either side of the vaginal opening
Secretes mucous for lubrication during intercourse
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37. Vulva Collective name for the external female genitalia Includes
Mons pubis - pad of fat
Labia majora – outer folds of tissue covered with pubic hair
Labia minora – inner folds of tissue
Perineum – area between the vagina and anus

38. Breasts Mammary glands Contain lobes that surface at the nipples
Function
Secrete milk – lactate after childbirth

39. Female Reproductive System
Diseases
Female Reproductive System

40. Breast Tumors Benign or American Cancer Society recommends SBE
Self Breast Examination every month for adult females at the end of menstruation

41. SBE

42. Mammograms
ACS recommends a baseline test between 35-40

43. Treatments Lumpectomy Simple mastectomy Radical mastectomy Radiation
Chemotherapy

44. Cancer of the Cervix Detected by a PAP smear Treatment Hysterectomy
Removal of cervix and uterus

45. Endometriosis Growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus
Can occur during surgery, through the fallopian tubes, blood and lymph

46. PMS Premenstrual Syndrome
Group of symptoms that appear 3-14 days before menstruation
Cause – unknown
Related to hormonal changes or biochemical imbalance

47. Menstrual Cycle

48. Fertilization and Implantation
Section 39-4
Uterine wall
Blastocyst
Morula
4 cells
2 cells
Zygote
Ovary
Fallopian tube
Day 3
Day 2
Day 1
Day 4
Fertilization
Day 0
Day 7
Implantation of blastocyst
Egg released by ovary

50. Breast Cancer (FYI) Most common malignancy of US women
180,000 American women
1 in 8 women will develop breast cancer.
Arises from epithelial cells of the ducts, small clusters of cancer cells grow into a lump in the breast from which cells eventually metastasize.

51. Risk Factors (FYI) Risk factors: early onset of menopause
no pregnancies or first pregnancy late in life
history of breast cancer
silicone breast implants
high estrogen concentrations
cigarette smoking
excessive alcohol intake
hereditary defects
70% of women who develop breast cancer have no known risk factors for the disease.

52. Early Warning Signals (FYI)
Changes in skin texture
Puckering
Leakage from nipple
Lumps in breast

53. Early Detection (FYI) Monthly self breast exam Mammogram
x-ray that can detect cancer smaller than 1 cm, recommended every 2 years from women between and then yearly from age 50.

54. Treatment (FYI) Radiation Chemotherapy
Surgery followed by radiation or chemo
Lumpectomy- only cancerous lump removed.
Simple masectomy- removal of breast tissue only.
Radical mastectomy- removal of entire affected breast, muscles, fascia, and lymph nodes.

55. STD – Sexually Transmitted Disease
Bacterial
Chlamydia – 3 million cases every year
Syphilis
Gonorrhea
Viral
Hepatitis B
Genital Herpes
Genital Warts
HIV (AIDS)

57. Reproduction Hormones
Produced by
Function
Testosterone
Testicles
Male sex traits
FSH
Pituitary
Stimulates egg/sperm dvlp
Stimulate estrogen LH
Stim. Testosterone
Release of egg, corpus luteum, progesterone
Estrogen
Ovaries
Female sex traits
Progesterone
Corpus luteum
Maintains Uterus lining
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58. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY
CYCLIC
OOGENESIS
FERTILIZATION
PREGNANCY
DELIVERY
MENOPAUSE

59. THE OVARIAN CYCLE FOLLICULAR PHASE LEUTEAL PHASE
ONLY INTERRUPTED BY PREGNANCY
ENDS AT MENOPAUSE

60. FOLLICULAR PHASE PRIMARY OOCYTE IS IN A PREPARATORY PHASE
FIRST MEIOTIC DIVISION
OVULATION
ESTROGEN SECRETED FROM FOLLICLE

61. CONTROL OF FSH AND LH SECRETION DURING FOLLICULAR PHASE
HYPOTHALAMUS
GRH +
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
FSH LH
OVARY
LOW LEVELS OF ESTROGEN
INHIBIN

62. LEUTEAL PHASE AFTER OVULATION DEVELOPMENT OF CORPUS LUTEUM
SECRETES PROGESTERONE AND ESTROGEN
DEGENERATES AFTER 2 WEEKS IF NOT FERTILIZED

63. FEEDBACK CONTROL DURING LUTEAL PHASE
HYPOTHALAMUS
GNRH +
ANTERIOR PITUITARY LH
OVARY
CORPUS LUTEUM
HIGH LEVELS OF
PROGESTERONE
MODERATE
LEVELS OF ESTROGEN

64. The Menstrual Cycle Ovulation
The menstrual cycle is divided into four phases. Notice the changes in hormone levels in the blood, the development of the follicle, and the changes in the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle.
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65. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

66. IF NOT FERTILIZED CORPUS LEUTEUM DEGENERATES
ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE LEVELS FALL
MENSTRUAL PHASE INVOLVES SLOUGHING OF PREPARED ENDOMETRIUM
NEW CYCLE STARTS-NEW FOLLICLES DEVELOP AND BEGIN SECRETING ESTROGEN

67. CONTROL OF LH SURGE AT OVULATION
HYPOTHALAMUS
GNRH +
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
FSH LH
OVARY
MATURE FOLLICLE
HIGH LEVELS OF ESTROGEN
OVULATION

68. FERTILIZATION IN OVIDUCT SPERM DEPOSITED IN VAGINA AT EJACULATION
TRAVEL TO OVIDUCT TAKES A LITTLE OVER 1/2 HOUR
CERVICAL CANAL IS OPEN DUE TO ESTROGEN BEING HIGH AND REMAINS OPEN TWO TO THREE DAYS
SPERM ENTER UTERUS AND ARE CHURNED AROUND
WHEN REACH OVIDUCT, SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS PROPELL THEM ONWARD
MATURE EGG RELEASES A CHEMOTACTIC AGENT
OUT OF SEVERAL HUNDRED MILLION ONLY A FEW THOUSAND MAKE IT
TAIL OF SPERM MANEUVERS IT FOR FINAL PENETRATION

69. HORMONES OF PREGNANCY PLACENTA IS ORGAN OF EXCHANGE
PLACENTA SECRETES HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN (HCG)-PROLONGS LIFE OF CORPUS LUTEUM
ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE LEVELS EVEN HIGHER NOW
AFTER 10 WEEKS PLACENTA TAKES OVER

70. PARTURITION POSITIVE FEEDBACK CERVICAL DILATION DELIVERY
DELIVERY OF PLACENTA

71. LACTATION MAMMARY GLANDS OR BREASTS MILK PRODUCING GLANDS AND FAT
ACTION OF ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE IS TO PREPARE GLANDS DURING PREGNANCY
ALSO BLOCK PROLACTIN’S STIMULATION
OXYTOCIN-MILK EJECTION
SUCKLING TRIGGERS OXYTOCIN RELEASE

72. Secondary Sexual Characteristics - Female
Induced by increased LH, FSH, estrogen, and progesterone hormone levels
Axillary and pubic hair
Widen pelvis
Enlarge mammary tissue
Begin menstrual cycles

73. Fertilization Occurs in upper 1/3 of Fallopian tube
Once one sperm enters, egg membrane changes
Fertilized egg = zygote

74. Implantation Implanted into thick walls of uterus
Chorion membranes dig into uterus to form placenta
Embryo supported via umbilical cord
Once pregnant, progesterone levels stay high in mom

75. 1st Trimester Heart develops first Neural tube develops
All body systems appear by Week 8 – Now a Fetus

76. 2nd Trimester Mostly growth Looks more like a baby
Some preemies survive at this stage

77. 3rd Trimester More growth Kicking, rolling, stretching
Eyes open – Week 32
Lungs mature
Rotates to head-down
position

78. Birth Labor Birth Placenta delivered after Uterine contractions begin
Cervix dilates to 10 cm.
Birth
Uterus pushes baby through vaginal canal
Placenta delivered after

79. Reproductive Hormones

80. Reproductive Hormones: Functions
Gonadotropic Hormones
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Male: stimulates production of sperm
Female: stimulates ovary follicles to produce estrogen
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Male: stimulates secretion of testosterone
Female: stimulates follicle to secrete estrogen, triggers ovulation, and stimulates follicle to produce progesterone

81. Reproductive Hormones: Functions
Estrogens
Female: affects fat deposits in breasts and hips, water retention, calcium metabolism, uterus and vagina development, and pubic and auxiliary hair development, broadens the pelvis and determines sexual behavior
Progesterone
Female: inhibits uterus contractions and growth of new follicles immediately after ovulation if there is no fertilization of an egg, and maintains pregnancy if there is fertilization

82. Reproductive Hormones: Functions
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)
Female: keeps the corpus luteum from deteriorating and stops the normal menstrual cycle if fertilization occurs
Oxytocin
Female: stimulates uterus contractions during birth and stimulates milk flow from breasts after birth

83. Hormone Hierarchy

84. The Male Pattern The male hormone pattern is continuous.
The principle male sex hormones are androgens.
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Produced by the hypothalamus
Regulates FSH and LH levels
Controlled by negative feedback from FSH and LH

85. The Male Pattern

86. The Female Pattern The female hormone pattern is cyclic.
Humans and other primates have menstrual cycles and other mammals have estrous cycles.
Hormones (specifically GnRH, FSH, LH, estrogens, and progesterone) coordinate the menstrual cycle with the ovarian cycle.

87. The Female Pattern: Ovarian Cycle
Follicular Phase
GnRH stimulates pituitary to secrete FSH and LH.
FSH stimulates follicle growth.
Follicles slowly secrete estrogens.
Pituitary hormones keep FSH and LH levels low.
Increasing levels of estrogens stimulate the hypothalamus to secrete GnRH.
GnRH stimulates FSH and LH secretion.
Follicle increases estrogens secretion.
Ovulation.

88. The Female Pattern: Ovarian Cycle
Luteal Phase
Leftover follicular tissue forms the corpus luteum.
LH stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete estrogens and progesterone.
The hypothalamus and pituitary stop secreting GnRH, FSH and LH.
The corpus luteum disintegrates.
Estrogens and progesterone levels decrease.
The hypothalamus and pituitary start secretion again.
There is enough LSH to stimulate new follicles to grow.

89. The Female Pattern: Menstrual Cycle
Menstrual Flow Phase
Proliferative Phase (similar timing as the follicular phase in the ovarian cycle)
Estrogens from the follicles stimulate the uterus.
The endometrium thickens.
The uterus is preparing for implantation.
Ovulation.

90. Hormone Hierarchy

91. The Female Pattern: Menstrual Cycle
Secretory Phase (parallel to the luteal phase in the ovarian cycle)
Estrogens and progesterone from the corpus luteum stimulate the endometrium to further thicken, the arteries in the uterus to grow, and the endometrial glands to grow.
Artery spasms stop blood flow to the endometrium.
Menstruation.

92. The Female Pattern: Menopause
Occurs in human females between the ages of 46 and 54
When ovulation and menstruation stop
The ovaries stop responding to FSH and LH and therefore stop producing estrogens.
Most other species remain capable of reproduction their whole life.

93. Sources The sixth edition Campbell biology textbook
ologyPages/H/Hormones.html

94. Tutorials
problem_sets/Human_Reproduction/human_r eproduction.html
s/bodybasics_female_repro.html
GlM
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