1. Anatomy & Physiology
Copyright 2014 © SAP

2. WHAT IS ANATOMY?
Anatomy is the study of the structures of the human body that can be seen with the naked eye, and what they are made up of; the science of the structure of organisms or of their parts.

3. WHY STUDY ANATOMY? To recognize changes from the norm
To understand how the human body functions
To determine a scientific basis for the proper application of services and products
To perform professional makeup applications
To provide shampoos, scalp manipulations, haircuts, and style designs
To perform facials
To perform manipulations of the hands, arms, shoulders, neck, feet, and lower legs

4. CELLS Protoplasm Nucleus Cytoplasm Cell membrane
Basic Construction of the Cell
Protoplasm
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane

5. Cell Reproduction and Division
CELLS
Cell Reproduction and Division
The reproduction process is known as mitosis (my-TOH-sis).
Favorable conditions include:
adequate food supply.
adequate oxygen supply.
adequate water supply.
elimination of waste.
proper temperature.

6. CELLS
Cell Metabolism
Anabolism (uh-NAB-uh-liz-um) is constructive metabolism, the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.
Catabolism (kuh-TAB-uh-liz-um) is the phase of metabolism that involves the breaking down of complex compounds within the cells into smaller ones.

7. TISSUES
Connective tissue serves to support, protect, and bind together other tissues of the body.
Epithelial tissue (ep-ih-THEE-lee-ul) is a protective covering on body surfaces.
Liquid tissue such as blood and lymph carries food, waste products, and hormones through the body.
Muscular tissue contracts and moves the various parts of the body.
Nerve tissue carries messages to and from the brain and controls and coordinates all bodily functions.

8. ORGANS Brain —controls the body Eyes—are the organs of vision
Heart—circulates the blood
Kidneys—excrete water and waste products
Lungs—supply oxygen to the blood
Liver—removes toxic products of digestion
Skin—forms external protective covering of the body
Stomach and intestines—digest food

9. SKELETAL SYSTEM Bone Composition Osteology (ahs-tee-AHL-oh-jee)
Connective tissue about one third animal matter and two thirds mineral matter
Osteology (ahs-tee-AHL-oh-jee)
The science of the anatomy, structure, and function of the bones

10. SKELETAL SYSTEM Primary Function Joints
Gives shape and support to body
Protects internal structures and organs
Serves as attachments for muscles
Acts as levers to produce movement
Produces white and red blood cells
Stores minerals
Joints
Movable
Immovable

11. SKELETAL SYSTEM Parts of the Skull Bones of the Cranium
Facial skeleton
Bones of the Cranium
Occipital bone
Parietal bones
Frontal bone
Temporal bones
Bones of the Face
Nasal bones
Lacrimal bones
Zygomatic or malar bones
Maxillae
Mandible

12. SKELETAL SYSTEM Bones of the Neck
Hyoid bone
Cervical vertebrae
Bones of the Chest, Shoulder, and Back
Thorax
Ribs
Scapula
Sternum
Clavicle

13. SKELETAL SYSTEM Bones of the Arm and Hand Humerus Ulna Radius Carpus
Metacarpus
Phalanges

14. MUSCULAR SYSTEM Myology Muscle Quantity—over 600 Muscle Construction
Types of Muscular
Tissue
Striated
Nonstriated
Cardiac
Muscle Parts
Origin
Insertion
Belly

15. MUSCULAR SYSTEM Stimulation of Muscles
Massage—by hand or electric vibrator
Electric current—high frequency or faradic current
Light rays—infrared rays or ultraviolet rays
Heat rays—heating lamps or heating caps
Moist heat—steamers and steamed towels
Nerve impulses—through the nervous system
Chemicals—certain acids and salts

16. MUSCULAR SYSTEM Muscles of the Scalp Muscles of the Ear
Epicranius (ep-ih-KRAY-nee-us)
Occipitalis (ahk-SIP-i-tahl-is)
Frontalis (frun-TAY-lus)
Aponeurosis (ap-uh-noo-ROH-sus)
Muscles of the Ear
Auricularis superior (aw-rik-yuh-LAIR-is)
Auricularis anterior
Auricularis posterior
Muscles of Mastication
Masseter (muh-SEE-tur)
Temporalis (tem-poh-RAY-lis)

17. MUSCULAR SYSTEM Muscles of the Neck Muscles of the Eyebrow
Platysma (plah-TIZ-muh)
Sternocleidomastoideus (STUR-noh-KLEE-ih-doh-mas-TOYD-ee-us)
Muscles of the Eyebrow
Orbicularis oculi (or-bik-yuh-LAIR-is AHK-yuh-lye)
Corrugator (KOR-oo-gay-tohr)
Muscles of the Nose
Procerus (proh-SEE-rus)
Nasal muscles

18. MUSCULAR SYSTEM Muscles of the Mouth Buccinator (Buk-sih-nay-tur)
Depressor labii inferioris (dee-PRESS-ur LAY-bee-eye in-FEER-ee-or-us)
Levator anguli oris (lih-VAYT-ur ANG-yoo-ly OH-ris)
Levator labii superioris (lih-VAYT-ur LAY-bee-eye soo-peer-ee-OR-is)
Mentalis (men-TAY-lis)
Orbicularis oris (or-bik-yuh-LAIR-is OH-ris)
Risorius (rih-ZOR-ee-us)
Triangularis (try-ang-gyuh-LAY-rus)
Zygomaticus (zy-goh-MAT-ih-kus

19. MUSCULAR SYSTEM Muscles Attaching Arms to Body
Latissimus dorsi (lah-TIS-ih-mus DOR-see)
Pectoralis (pek-tor-AL-is) major and minor
Serratus anterior (ser-RAT-us)
Trapezius (trah-PEE-zee-us)
Muscles of the Shoulders and Arms
Biceps (BY-seps)
Deltoid (DEL-toyd)
Extensors (ik-STEN-surs)
Flexors (FLEK-surs)
Triceps (TRY-seps)
Pronator (proh-NAY-tohr)
Supinator (SOO-puh-nayt-ur)

20. MUSCULAR SYSTEM Muscles of the Hand Abductors (ab-DUK-turz)
Adductors (ah-DUK-turz)
Opponent muscles

21. NERVOUS SYSTEM
The nervous system is responsible for coordinating the many activities performed inside and outside the human body.
Every square inch of the human body is supplied with fine fibers known as nerves.

22. NERVOUS SYSTEM
Neurology is the study of the nervous system and its disorders.
Divisions of Nervous System
Central
Peripheral (puh-RIF-uh-rul)
Autonomic (aw-toh-NAHM-ik)
Brain and Spinal Cord
The largest mass of nerve tissue in the body
Central power station of the body
12 pairs of cranial nerves
Spinal cord originates in brain
31 pairs of spinal nerves

23. NERVOUS SYSTEM Nerve Cell Structure and Function Types of Nerves
Neuron (NOO-rahn)
Dendrites (DEN-dryts)
Axon (AK-sahn)
Nerves
Types of Nerves
Sensory (afferent) nerves
Motor (efferent) nerves
Mixed nerves
Reflex

24. NERVOUS SYSTEM Nerves of the Head, Face, and Neck
5th cranial, trifacial, trigeminal
Ophthalmic (ahf-THAL-mik)
Mandibular (man-DIB-yuh-lur)
Maxillary (MAK-suh-lair-ee)
5th cranial nerve affected by massage
Auriculotemporal
Infraorbital nerve
Infratrochlear nerve
Mental nerve
Nasal nerve
Supraorbital nerve
Supratrochlear nerve
Zygomatic nerve

25. NERVOUS SYSTEM Nerves of Head, Face, and Neck continued
7th cranial nerve
Posterior auricular
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Mandibular
Cervical
11th cranial nerve
Greater occipital
Smaller occipital
Greater auricular
Cervical cutaneous

26. NERVOUS SYSTEM Nerves of Arm and Hand Digital (DIJ-ut-tul)
Radial (RAY-dee-ul)
Median (MEE-dee-un)
Ulnar (UL-nur)

27. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
The circulatory system or cardiovascular system controls the steady
circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and
blood vessels.
Blood vascular system
Heart
Arteries, capillaries, and veins
Lymph vascular system (LIMF VAS-kyoo-lur)
Lymphatics (lymph vessels)
Lymph nodes

28. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Heart Chambers and Valves of Heart Interior
Pericardium (payr-ih-KAR-dee-um)
Resting heart rate
Vagus (tenth cranial) nerve
Autonomic nervous system
Chambers and Valves of Heart Interior
Right and left atria (AY-tree-a)
Right and left ventricles (VEN-truh-kul)
Valves
Blood Circulation
Pulmonary circulation
Systemic or general circulation

29. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Blood Vessels Blood Arteries Capillaries Veins
Sticky, salty fluid
Temperature 98.6° F (36°C)
Makes up 1/20 of body weight
About 8 to10 pints in an adult
Bright red in arteries
Dark red in veins

30. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Blood Composition Chief Functions of Blood
Red corpuscles (red blood cells)
White corpuscles (white blood cells)
Blood platelets
Plasma
Chief Functions of Blood
Carries water, oxygen, food, and secretions to cells
Carries away carbon dioxide and waste
Helps equalize body temperature
Protects from harmful bacteria and infections
Clots to prevent blood loss

31. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Lymph Vascular System aids blood system.
consists of lymph vessels, glands, spaces, and lacteals.
acts as filtering to help fight infection.
Primary Functions:
Carries nourishment from blood to body cells
Acts as a defense against invading bacteria and toxins
Removes waste material from body cells to the blood
Provides a suitable fluid environment for cells

32. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Arteries of Head, Face, and Neck
Common carotid artery (kuh-RAHT-ud)
Internal carotid artery
External carotid artery
Facial Artery Branches
Submental artery (sub-MEN-tul)
Inferior labial artery (LAY-bee-ul)
Angular artery (ANG-gyoo-lur)
Superior labial artery

33. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Superficial Temporal Artery Branches Frontal artery
Parietal artery
Transverse facial artery
Middle temporal artery
Anterior auricular artery
Occipital artery
Posterior auricular artery
Supraorbital artery
Infraorbital artery

34. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Veins of Head, Face, and Neck
Internal jugular (JUG-yuh-lur)
External jugular
Blood Supply for Arm and Hand
Ulnar arteries
Radial arteries
Figure 6-22

35. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
The endocrine system (EN-duh-krin) is made up of a group of
specialized glands that affect the growth, development, sexual
activity, and health of the entire body,
Exocrine or Duct Glands (EK-suh-krin)
produce a substance that travels through small tube-like ducts.
Endocrine or Ductless Glands
release secretions called hormones directly into the blood.

36. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The digestive system or gastrointestinal system is responsible
for changing food into nutrients and waste.
Digestive Enzymes
change food into a form that can be used by the body.

37. EXCRETORY SYSTEM
The excretory system (EK-skre-tor-ee) is responsible for purifying
the body by eliminating waste matter.
Kidneys
excrete urine.
Liver
discharges bile.
Skin
eliminates perspiration.
Large Intestine
evacuates decomposed and undigested food.
Lungs
exhale carbon dioxide.

38. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The respiratory system enables breathing and consists of the lungs and air passages.
Lungs
are spongy tissues composed of microscopic cells.
exchange inhaled air for carbon dioxide during breathing.
Diaphragm
is muscular wall that separates chest (thorax) from abdominal region.
helps control breathing.
Figure 6-23

39. SUMMARY
Knowing how the body works is essential for the cosmetology professional.
An understanding of the anatomy and physiology of our bodies will help us become more proficient in performing professional salon services.