2. Copyright 2013 © WSCAP Washington State Apprentice Program COMMUNICATING FOR SUCCESS 1.4 COMMUNICATING FOR SUCCESS 1.4 COMMUNICATING FOR SUCCESS 1.4 COMMUNICATING FOR SUCCESS 1.4 Copyright 2013 © WSCAP Washington State Apprentice Program COMMUNICATING FOR SUCCESS 1.4 3.1 Copyright 2013 © WSCAP Washington State Apprentice Program Anatomy & Physiology Copyright 2013 © WSCAP Washington State Apprentice Program

3. WHAT IS ANATOMY? Anatomy is the study of the structures of the human body that can be seen with the naked eye, and what they are made up of; the science of the structure of organisms or of their parts.

4. WHY STUDY ANATOMY? To understand how the human body functions To recognize changes from the norm To determine a scientific basis for the proper application of services and products To perform professional makeup applications To provide shampoos, scalp manipulations, haircuts, and style designs To perform facials To perform manipulations of the hands, arms, shoulders, neck, feet, and lower legs

5. CELLS Protoplasm Nucleus Cytoplasm Cell membrane Basic Construction of the Cell

6. CELLS The reproduction process is known as mitosis (my-TOH-sis). Favorable conditions include: –adequate food supply. –adequate oxygen supply. –adequate water supply. –elimination of waste. –proper temperature. Cell Reproduction and Division

7. CELLS Anabolism (uh-NAB-uh-liz-um) is constructive metabolism, the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones. Catabolism (kuh-TAB-uh-liz-um) is the phase of metabolism that involves the breaking down of complex compounds within the cells into smaller ones. Cell Metabolism

8. TISSUES Connective tissue serves to support, protect, and bind together other tissues of the body. Epithelial tissue (ep-ih-THEE-lee-ul) is a protective covering on body surfaces. Liquid tissue such as blood and lymph carries food, waste products, and hormones through the body. Muscular tissue contracts and moves the various parts of the body. Nerve tissue carries messages to and from the brain and controls and coordinates all bodily functions.

9. ORGANS Brain —controls the body Eyes—are the organs of vision Heart—circulates the blood Kidneys—excrete water and waste products Lungs—supply oxygen to the blood Liver—removes toxic products of digestion Skin—forms external protective covering of the body Stomach and intestines—digest food

10. SKELETAL SYSTEM Bone Composition –Connective tissue about one third animal matter and two thirds mineral matter Osteology (ahs-tee-AHL-oh-jee) –The science of the anatomy, structure, and function of the bones

11. SKELETAL SYSTEM Primary Function –Gives shape and support to body –Protects internal structures and organs –Serves as attachments for muscles –Acts as levers to produce movement –Produces white and red blood cells –Stores minerals Joints –Movable –Immovable

12. SKELETAL SYSTEM Parts of the Skull –Cranium –Facial skeleton Bones of the Cranium –Occipital bone –Parietal bones –Frontal bone –Temporal bones Bones of the Face –Nasal bones –Lacrimal bones –Zygomatic or malar bones –Maxillae –Mandible

13. SKELETAL SYSTEM Bones of the Neck –Hyoid bone –Cervical vertebrae Bones of the Chest, Shoulder, and Back –Thorax –Ribs –Scapula –Sternum –Clavicle

14. SKELETAL SYSTEM Bones of the Arm and Hand –Humerus –Ulna –Radius –Carpus –Metacarpus –Phalanges

15. MUSCULAR SYSTEM Myology Muscle Quantity—over 600 Muscle Construction Types of Muscular Tissue –Striated –Nonstriated –Cardiac Muscle Parts –Origin –Insertion –Belly

16. MUSCULAR SYSTEM Stimulation of Muscles –Massage—by hand or electric vibrator –Electric current—high frequency or faradic current –Light rays—infrared rays or ultraviolet rays –Heat rays—heating lamps or heating caps –Moist heat—steamers and steamed towels –Nerve impulses—through the nervous system –Chemicals—certain acids and salts

17. MUSCULAR SYSTEM Muscles of the Scalp –Epicranius (ep-ih-KRAY-nee-us) –Occipitalis (ahk-SIP-i-tahl-is) –Frontalis (frun-TAY-lus) –Aponeurosis (ap-uh-noo-ROH- sus) Muscles of the Ear –Auricularis superior (aw-rik-yuh- LAIR-is) –Auricularis anterior –Auricularis posterior Muscles of Mastication –Masseter (muh-SEE-tur) –Temporalis (tem-poh-RAY-lis)

18. MUSCULAR SYSTEM Muscles of the Neck –Platysma (plah-TIZ-muh) –Sternocleidomastoideus (STUR-noh-KLEE-ih-doh-mas- TOYD-ee-us) Muscles of the Eyebrow –Orbicularis oculi (or-bik-yuh- LAIR-is AHK-yuh-lye) –Corrugator (KOR-oo-gay-tohr) Muscles of the Nose –Procerus (proh-SEE-rus) –Nasal muscles

19. MUSCULAR SYSTEM Muscles of the Mouth –Buccinator (Buk-sih-nay-tur) –Depressor labii inferioris (dee-PRESS-ur LAY-bee-eye in-FEER-ee-or-us) –Levator anguli oris (lih-VAYT-ur ANG-yoo-ly OH-ris) –Levator labii superioris (lih-VAYT-ur LAY-bee-eye soo-peer-ee-OR-is) –Mentalis (men-TAY-lis) –Orbicularis oris (or-bik-yuh-LAIR-is OH-ris) –Risorius (rih-ZOR-ee-us) –Triangularis (try-ang-gyuh-LAY-rus) –Zygomaticus (zy-goh-MAT-ih-kus

20. MUSCULAR SYSTEM Muscles Attaching Arms to Body –Latissimus dorsi (lah-TIS-ih- mus DOR-see) –Pectoralis (pek-tor-AL-is) major and minor –Serratus anterior (ser-RAT-us) –Trapezius (trah-PEE-zee-us) Muscles of the Shoulders and Arms –Biceps (BY-seps) –Deltoid (DEL-toyd) –Extensors (ik-STEN-surs) –Flexors (FLEK-surs) –Triceps (TRY-seps) –Pronator (proh-NAY-tohr) –Supinator (SOO-puh-nayt-ur)

21. MUSCULAR SYSTEM Muscles of the Hand –Abductors (ab-DUK- turz) –Adductors (ah-DUK- turz) –Opponent muscles

22. NERVOUS SYSTEM The nervous system is responsible for coordinating the many activities performed inside and outside the human body. Every square inch of the human body is supplied with fine fibers known as nerves.

23. NERVOUS SYSTEM Neurology is the study of the nervous system and its disorders. Divisions of Nervous System –Central –Peripheral (puh-RIF-uh-rul) –Autonomic (aw-toh-NAHM-ik) Brain and Spinal Cord –The largest mass of nerve tissue in the body –Central power station of the body –12 pairs of cranial nerves –Spinal cord originates in brain –31 pairs of spinal nerves

24. NERVOUS SYSTEM Nerve Cell Structure and Function –Neuron (NOO-rahn) –Dendrites (DEN-dryts) –Axon (AK-sahn) –Nerves Types of Nerves –Sensory (afferent) nerves –Motor (efferent) nerves –Mixed nerves –Reflex

25. NERVOUS SYSTEM Nerves of the Head, Face, and Neck 5 th cranial, trifacial, trigeminal Ophthalmic (ahf-THAL-mik) Mandibular (man-DIB-yuh-lur) Maxillary (MAK-suh-lair-ee) 5 th cranial nerve affected by massage Auriculotemporal Infraorbital nerve Infratrochlear nerve Mental nerve Nasal nerve Supraorbital nerve Supratrochlear nerve Zygomatic nerve

26. NERVOUS SYSTEM Nerves of Head, Face, and Neck continued 7 th cranial nerve –Posterior auricular –Temporal –Zygomatic –Buccal –Mandibular –Cervical 11 th cranial nerve –Greater occipital –Smaller occipital –Greater auricular –Cervical cutaneous

27. NERVOUS SYSTEM Nerves of Arm and Hand –Digital (DIJ-ut-tul) –Radial (RAY-dee-ul) –Median (MEE-dee-un) –Ulnar (UL-nur)

28. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM The circulatory system or cardiovascular system controls the steady circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels. Blood vascular system –Heart –Arteries, capillaries, and veins Lymph vascular system (LIMF VAS-kyoo-lur) –Lymphatics (lymph vessels) –Lymph nodes

29. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Heart –Pericardium (payr-ih-KAR-dee- um) –Resting heart rate –Vagus (tenth cranial) nerve –Autonomic nervous system Chambers and Valves of Heart Interior –Right and left atria (AY-tree-a) –Right and left ventricles (VEN- truh-kul) –Valves Blood Circulation –Pulmonary circulation –Systemic or general circulation

30. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Blood Vessels –Arteries –Capillaries –Veins Blood –Sticky, salty fluid –Temperature 98.6° F (36°C) –Makes up 1/20 of body weight –About 8 to10 pints in an adult –Bright red in arteries –Dark red in veins

31. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Blood Composition –Red corpuscles (red blood cells) –White corpuscles (white blood cells) –Blood platelets –Plasma Chief Functions of Blood –Carries water, oxygen, food, and secretions to cells –Carries away carbon dioxide and waste –Helps equalize body temperature –Protects from harmful bacteria and infections –Clots to prevent blood loss

32. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Lymph Vascular System –aids blood system. –consists of lymph vessels, glands, spaces, and lacteals. –acts as filtering to help fight infection. Primary Functions: –Carries nourishment from blood to body cells –Acts as a defense against invading bacteria and toxins –Removes waste material from body cells to the blood –Provides a suitable fluid environment for cells

33. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Arteries of Head, Face, and Neck –Common carotid artery (kuh-RAHT-ud) –Internal carotid artery –External carotid artery Facial Artery Branches –Submental artery (sub- MEN-tul) –Inferior labial artery (LAY- bee-ul) –Angular artery (ANG-gyoo- lur) –Superior labial artery

34. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Superficial Temporal Artery Branches –Frontal artery –Parietal artery –Transverse facial artery –Middle temporal artery –Anterior auricular artery –Occipital artery –Posterior auricular artery –Supraorbital artery –Infraorbital artery

35. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Veins of Head, Face, and Neck –Internal jugular (JUG- yuh-lur) –External jugular Blood Supply for Arm and Hand –Ulnar arteries –Radial arteries Figure 6-22

36. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM The endocrine system (EN-duh-krin) is made up of a group of specialized glands that affect the growth, development, sexual activity, and health of the entire body, Exocrine or Duct Glands (EK-suh-krin) –produce a substance that travels through small tube-like ducts. Endocrine or Ductless Glands –release secretions called hormones directly into the blood.

37. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM The digestive system or gastrointestinal system is responsible for changing food into nutrients and waste. Digestive Enzymes –change food into a form that can be used by the body.

38. EXCRETORY SYSTEM The excretory system (EK-skre-tor-ee) is responsible for purifying the body by eliminating waste matter. Kidneys –excrete urine. Liver –discharges bile. Skin –eliminates perspiration. Large Intestine –evacuates decomposed and undigested food. Lungs –exhale carbon dioxide.

39. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM The respiratory system enables breathing and consists of the lungs and air passages. Lungs –are spongy tissues composed of microscopic cells. –exchange inhaled air for carbon dioxide during breathing. Diaphragm –is muscular wall that separates chest (thorax) from abdominal region. –helps control breathing. Figure 6-23

40. SUMMARY Knowing how the body works is essential for the cosmetology professional. An understanding of the anatomy and physiology of our bodies will help us become more proficient in performing professional salon services.