1. Western Imperialism and the response of China, Japan, Russia and the Ottoman Know the following: 1. What European country is imperializing what part of the world and their motives and justification for imperialism? 2. How are they obtaining control? Through diplomacy or force? 3. What technology is enabling them to gain control of foreign territories? 4. What type of control do they have? Colonies spheres of influence 5. How are non-European states responding?

2. Imperialism – The building of empires by western industrialized countries and Japan between 1750 and 1900s in order to secure raw goods and new markets for their industries. Imperialism was followed by new ideologies based on racial differences that support the control of non-European lands and peoples. It was aided by new technology that improved transportation and communication between regions.

3. Nationalism: Why should we review this again?
An ideology that believes people that share the same ethnicity, language, religion and history should rule themselves.
The ideology will turn into movements in the 19th century.
Impact of nationalism between 1750 and 1914:
The birth of new, independent, sovereign nations like Greece and Belgium in 1830.
The unification of Italy = 1870
The unification of Germany = 1871
The industrialization and modernization of a state in order to strengthen it = Egypt, Japan, Russia
The insurrection, or rebellion against a foreign power = China
The control of others or empire-building, imperialism = Britain

4. Who will industrialize and who will not
Between 1800 – 1914?
Ottoman Empire
Russian Empire
China
Japan

5. 19th century - Ottoman Empire
In Northern Africa:
Napoleon Bonaparte’s invasion of Egypt eventually led to Ottoman loss of power in Egypt.
In Northern Africa, the Ottoman Empire lost Algeria to French rule in 1830.
Tunisia became a French protectorate in 1881.
Libya remained part of the Ottoman Empire until when it was conquered by Italy.
The Ottoman Empire came to an end after its defeat in World War I. It was replaced by a Turkish Republic led by Kemal Ataturk.
In Eastern Europe:
Nationalism led the Greeks to fight the Ottomans for independence. Serbia too. Greek independence was acknowledged in 1830 and Serbia’s in 1867.

6. Egypt is modernized under Muhammad Ali
Napoleon defeats the Mamluks that ruled Egypt.
Muhammad Ali, an Albanian Ottoman officer, is sent to Egypt by the Ottoman sultan to fight Napoleon.
When Napoleon leaves Egypt in 1803 Muhammad Ali becomes the ruler of Egypt as viceroy - governor. Rules from
He will attempt to modernize Egypt by westernizing and industrializing it
European experts are welcomed in to train the Egyptian army and navy
Muhammad Ali will pay for modernization by exporting cotton
New industries of Egypt: Textile, paper, weapons
Egypt invades the Sudan

7. Ottoman Empire loses Egypt 1805
Muhammad Ali
Reforms of Muhammad Ali - Khedive of Egypt - Modernization of Egypt will begin with him.
Conscription forced Egyptian peasants to serve in the military; Westernized army and navy; military officers sent to Europe for training
Will rely on the export of cotton to fund most of the industrialization
Special schools taught European skills and sciences
Muhammad Ali’s family will rule Egypt until rule by khedives (title)

8. Egyptian industrialization continues
Ismail (Ali’s grandson” rules
continues using Western experts
Funds the building of canals and railroads with cotton exports that increased during American Civil War
When the Civil War and the market for Egyptian cotton collapses, Egypt will not be able to pay its debt to British and French investors
The Suez Canal was finished in 1869.
In 1875, unable to pay its debt, Egypt had to sell shares of the canal to Britain
In 1883 Britain invaded Egypt in order to protect the canal zone

9. The British defeat Muslim forces in the Sudan
The Mahdists were a strict Muslim group that resented Western influences in Sudan. They waged a jihad, holy war, against Egypt and the British. General Kitchener crushed the Mahdist forces at the Battle of Omdurman in 1896.

10. Enough on Egypt. Now back to the Ottoman Empire: Reforms with limited success.

11. Two groups resisted the Western Reforms of
Sultan Selim III in the early 1800’s:
Janissaries resisted Sultan Selim III’s reforms to Westernize the army and lead rebellion against Ottoman rule in Serbia in 1805
Ulama, Muslim religious scholars also resisted reforms because it secularized the law and taxation
janissaries

12. Later, Sultan Mahmud II tries Western reforms in the 1820’s to strengthen the Ottoman Empire
Why? Loss of Greece - Greek independence
Created a new western-trained military unit which threatened the Janissaries. When the Janissaries revolted he ordered them shot. This is the end of the Janissaries.
He led Western reforms of the military and education by importing instructors from western Europe in chemistry, engineering, mathematics, physics and military history.
Mahmud also transferred power from the ulama, the Islamic leaders to European-style ministries.

13. The Tanzimat Reforms - 1836-1876 “reorganization”
Reforms were meant to modernize the Ottoman Empire by Westernizing it:
public trials
equality under the law
tax reforms - ending tax farming
European legal codes replaced sharia
Sharia was only used for matters of family law
Westernized the military
French became language of advanced learning
Western military uniforms
Western European dress in Ottoman cities
head tax abolished for non-Muslims

14. Before Tanzimat Reforms
Military Uniforms
Before Tanzimat Reforms
After

15. Crimean War 1853-56 Britain, France and Ottomans vs. Russia
Shows the weakness of the Ottoman Empire who had to be helped by Britain and France against Russian aggression.
Russian expansion into Eastern Europe is blocked
muskets replaced with rifles
Russia decided it needed to militarize after its poor performance in this war, and its inability to gain access to a warm-water port
European powers will begin referring to the Ottoman Empire as the “Sick Man of Europe”

16. Ottoman Empire 1850 - 1880 Tanzimat men dominate politics
financial and commercial institutions secularized
banks, insurance companies, legal firms created
urbanization = new professional class
Europeans were now living in Istanbul enjoying extraterritorial rights. This means that they were exempt from the Muslims laws of the Ottoman Empire but instead lived under their own laws. This led to resentment by Muslims, fueling their nationalist goals.

17. Ottoman economic problems
Tobacco and opium only exports
American traders took opium to China to compete against Indian opium of British traders
rising national debt
inflation

18. Young Ottomans 1860’s and 1870’s
Turkish liberals that resented European domination of the Ottoman Empire and wanted liberal reforms like a constitution
They were well-educated, young, urban men
They liked European liberal ideas
They wanted Ottoman independence
They were able to get a constitution and a parliament but only temporarily - later both were suspended by the Ottoman Sultan

19. Qing Empire of China

20. Important changes occurring during the rule of the Qing Dynasty
The Canton System that restricted trade with Europeans was in place until . . .
McCartney Mission 1792
Era of strong emperors from Kangxi in 1650’s to Qianlong in ends
Meanwhile, a growing presence of foreign merchants and missionaries in Canton and Macao leads to the. . .
White Lotus Rebellion ( )
rebelled against Manchu rule and taxes
Weakened the Qing Dynasty

21. Introduction of Opium to Chinese merchants by Western merchants

22. Opium Wars
The smuggling of opium by British and Americans leads to the . . .
Opium Wars ( ) ( )
Qing had no navy vs. British gunboats
The Bannermen -
outdated Chinese soldiers
used swords, knives, spears, clubs
Treaty of Nanking - dismantled the Canton System and set up treaty ports, giving extraterritorial rights to British residents
more unequal treaties signed after the second wave of Opium Wars
China was not colonized but ports were controlled by western powers as spheres of influence.

23. U. S. Open Door Policy 1899 Introduced by U. S
U.S. Open Door Policy 1899 Introduced by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay
The U.S. proposed a free, open market and equal trading opportunities in China for Britain, France, Russia, Germany and Japan.
The idea was that no one country would dominate trade in China.

24. Western nations are finally able to control China’s trade after the Opium Wars.

25. Treaty ports Canton Shanghai
Europeans and Americans lived there and Chinese were not permitted to live in certain zones - they enjoyed extraterritoriality rights
Christian missionaries condemned confucianism, ancestor worship, foot-binding - fuels resentment. . .

26. Taiping Rebellion
Led by a religious leader who wanted to overthrow Manchu rule - Qing dynasty
begins by taking over villages
Civil war in China - destroys cities and rural areas
Finally Qing Dynasty puts down rebellion with help from British and French forces
Bubonic plague is still lingering
Chinese migrate due to fear of plague = Chinese immigration banned in US in Chinese Exclusion Act.

27. More Qing problems:
in debt due to indemnity payments to Europeans after Opium War
Provincial governors gained local power during rebellion to tax and raise troops. Many kept that power even after rebellion was over
Empress Cixi - Empress Dowager resists reforms to modernize China
Qing ruled by provincial governors after 1860’s

28. China’s “self-strengthening” movement
Goal: To modernize China from within
Sought Western assistance to build railroads and factories and borrowed western technology to update their armies.
Change was slow because the government did not support it.
Sino-Japanese War China loses war with Japan.
The Boxer Rebellion
An anti-foreigner and anti-Christianity movement to get rid of both in China.
An anti-imperialist movement.
A Chinese nationalist movement against the extraterritoriality rights of foreigners in treaty ports.

29. End of the Dynastic Cycle of China
Revolution of liberals wanted reform
1912 the Qing ruler abdicated - end of the dynastic era of China
Sun Yat Sen, a nationalist, and leader of the Goumindang Party (National People’s Party) becomes China’s first president.
Republic of China is declared
Western style of government replaces Confucianism
Not a social revolution - peasants still poor
What else ended in China?
Civil Service exams in 1905, ending Confucian values as the basis for the government and ending the power of the scholar-gentry class.
Dowager Empress Cixi
Sun Yat Sen

30. Industrial Revolution in Japan
Explain how Japan industrialized by using the following facts:
Tokugawa Shogunate
1853
Commodore Matthew C. Perry
“black ships”
Treaty of Kanagawa
Japanese provincial leaders
civil war
Meiji Restoration
end of feudal era of Japan
Western reforms
state-owned companies
textile mills
zaibatsu

31. What signs of Japanese industrialization do you see?

32. Why can it be said that the Westernization and Modernization of Russia began as far back as the rule of. . .?
Peter the Great (r )
Westernization of boyars,
Russian nobles
Catherine the Great (r )

33. Russian rulers = czars Romanov Dynasty
The last czar:
Nicholas II r
Alexander III r
Nicholas I r
Alexander I r
Alexander II r
His minister, Count Witte, promotes industrialization by setting high tariffs and encouraging Western investment.
Russia loses Russo-Japanese War
Revolution of 1905 forces him to set up a representative assembly, The Duma.
His minister Stolypin introduces peasant reforms - some peasants got rich - kulaks.
Revolution of 1917
Lenin and his Bolshevik Party (Communists) overthrow the government. Entire family is executed.
resists liberal revolts going on in Europe - remains autocratic
comes to power and immediately faced the Decembrist Revolt of 1825, represses liberal Russian soldiers
abolishes serfdom in 1861
“czar liberator”
creates local councils called zemstvoes, which allows the small middle class to practice self-government
Russia loses Crimean War
begins the building of railroads

34. Russian Industrialization
Revolution of 1905.
Began with workers demanding better conditions and were then joined by university students, sailors and others who wanted liberal reforms. Czar was forced to grant reforms in the October Manifesto which guaranteed freedoms and set up the Duma. Much bigger than the Decembrist Revolt of 1825.
Czar Nicholas I begins the building of railroads in Russia.
The Trans-Siberian Railroad is started by Alexander III in 1891.
Alexander II
emancipates the serfs
Russia’s factories were first started by the state with the help of foreign investments and experts.
Shouldn’t we have started the story with the Crimean War?