1. Pope
After Leo

2. Pope Hilarius followed Leo and continued his policies
Simplicius followed him and there was political chaos during his time
Constant tension between Popes and eastern emperors even though technically Italy was in Holy Roman (eastern) Empire
East-West Schism (Not great schism)

3. Pope Further complicated by Ostrogoths invasion
This led to 2 Popes: One was eastern empire and one was Ostrogoth
Hormisdas followed as Pope and he ended the schism with Constantinople
Belisarius led an invasion (Justinian was emperor) from east and ran out Ostrogoths from Italy

4. Pope
Did not help the church in west though because the empire now tried to run the church as it was in the east
The next few Popes were puppets of Justinian
Justinian built Hagia Sophia- “Holy Wisdom”
Byzantine power did not last not in Italy-6 years later the Lombards ran them out
The Popes became responsible for the preservation of the city once this happened

5. Pope
Pope Benedict died in 579 and the Lombards were threatening the city but Pelagius II kept them away
Since no help was coming from Constantinople, Pelagius II turned to the Franks for help
Gregory was the next Pope and considered one of the greatest Popes

6. Gregory
He was a Benedictine monk and Pope Benedict made him a deacon (member of his administrative council)
Pelagius II appointed him to court at Constantinople
He returned to Rome 6 years later where he was made Abbott

7. Gregory
When he returned, the Lombards were threatening to take over all of Italy and not much support from Constantinople or Franks
Flood had destroyed much of food supply
Pope Pelagius died as he became ill by restoring sanitation, burying the dead, and feeding the hungry. Gregory helped him.

8. Gregory
He did not want to be bishop of Rome and wrote a letter objecting but it was intercepted. He later accepted.
Organized feeding the needy and protecting shipments of wheat from Sicily. Supervised rebuilding of the aqueducts and defense of the city.
Leadership vacuum so he stepped up.

9. Gregory He opened direct negotiations with Lombards and secured peace
He preached constantly and promoted clerical celibacy
Helped Spain convert to Nicene orthodoxy
Sent Augustine on mission to England
Intervened in Donatist schism in Africa

10. Gregory
Also an influential writer and agreed with Augustine in much of his writings
There was some small disturbances between the 2.
Augustine suggested at purgatory and Gregory affirmed it as truth

11. Gregory Taught: We offer satisfaction to God through penance.
Those who die in faith without having offered satisfaction for all sins go to purgatory so believers can pray for them
Living can help dead out by offering masses
He believed in mass or communion Christ was sacrificed anew

12. After Gregory After Gregory the popes became evil and sinful
Those who refused the eastern orthodox were treated harshly by Constantinople
Disagreement over Christology and Pope Martin was kidnapped and monk Maximus had his tongue cut out along with right hand and sent to exile.

13. Frank alliance This tension pushed he popes to ally with Franks
Lombards were threatening so Pope Stephen appealed to Pepin and he invaded Italy and drove out Lombards and gave Pope Stephen land
This culminated with Charlemagne being crowned in 800

14. Arab Conquest
Early in 7th Century, out of Arabia a conquering force arrives and the Persian empire vanished and much of Roman empire did as well
Muhammad, Arab merchant, had dreams and visions called him to be a prophet and gave him the message according to him.
Message was given by Gabriel according to him
He claimed this was not a new religion but combined with Hebrew prophets and Jesus (prophet) and himself

15. Islam The religion had 5 points-5 pillars of Islam
1. Radical monotheism
2. Ritual prayer
3. Zakat-Alms giving-poor has right to wealth of rich-Most controversial
4. Fasting during Ramadan
5. Pilgrimage to Mecca or hajj

16. Arab Merchants opposed his teachings in Mecca
He formed a community and his followers set out on political and military campaign
He dies in 632 but much of Arabia was in Muslim hands by then
Caliphs-sucessor
In Arabia gained its first military victory of Byzantinia

17. Conquest In 635 they took Damascus and in 638 Jerusalem
By 651 they had swept through the Persian empire
Of first 4 caliphs, 3 were assassinated due to inner strife
The struggle between Ali and his rivals still persists today

18. Strife The Shiites supported Ali and the Sunni were his rivals
Minor differences theologically but disagreed on successors of Muhammad had to be direct descendants or not
Still advances and Carthage fell in 695 and thus many accepted Islam
By 711 much of Spain had fallen to Islam
In 732, Charles Martel defeats them at Tours ending the first wave of Muslim conquests.

19. Conquests
Muslims promised those disenfranchised by eastern orthodox would be listened to
Many of ancient Christian communities fell to Muslim rule: Jerusalem, Antioch, Damascus, Alexandria, and Carthage.
Conversion to Christianity was usually harshly punished
A defense for Christianity was viewed as offense against Muhammad and punishable by death

20. Arab Conquests Christianity almost disappeared in some areas
Christianity had been mostly in Mediterranean world but now ran north/south to British Isles, Franks, and Italy.
Constantinople was alienated from that group which also led to Charlemagne being crowned

21. Changes Muslim conquests brought about changes in Christian beliefs
Many 1st century Christians were not for fighting
Islam brought a constant threat that needed to be fought back
Just War Theory
This helped lead to the Crusades a few centuries later which was bad for Christianity