1. Unit 1 and 2: 8000 BCE to 600 CE 1

2. 2

3. 3

4. Fertile Crescent- land between Tigris and Euphrates (present day Iraq)
By 3000 BCE:
Sumer had population of 100,000
Cities had kings with absolute authority
Social Order
Hereditary kings and priests/priestesses
Free commoners
Dependent clients
Slaves 4

5. Technology and Art Hammurabi (1792 to 1750 BCE) Cuneiform c. 2900 BCE
Astronomy and math lead to 12 month calendar
Epic of Gilgamesh c BCE
Hammurabi (1792 to 1750 BCE)
First documented attempt to detail crimes and punishments
High standard of behavior and strict punishments
“Eye for an eye”
Shows society was patriarchal with strict social structure 5

6. Agriculture around Nile c. 5000 BCE Protected by its geography
Centralized states c BCE ruled by pharaohs
Technology and Art
Skilled in math, medicine, and astronomy leading to solar calendar of 365 days
Hieroglyphics
Pyramids 6

7. Social Order:
Pharaoh and priests
Commoners
Slaves
Polytheistic religion with belief that death was a transition into new existence, hence mummification 7

8. Developed c. 3000/2500 BCE and ends c. 1500 BCE
Mysterious because language still undeciphered
Polytheistic
Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro – walled cities 8

9. Technology and Economy
Traded pottery, tools, decorative items, and obtained gold, silver, and copper from Persia and wool, leather and olive oil from Meso.
Metal tools of bronze and copper
Cotton c BCE
Writing of 400 symbols 9

10. 10

11. Vedas reveal hierarchical, male-dominated society
Nomadic people of Indo-European origin enter through Khyber Pass c BCE
Est. racial mix
Vedas reveal hierarchical, male-dominated society
Polytheistic with nature gods
Social structure: The Caste System 11

12. One example of centralized rule was the Mauryans in 320s BCE
India developed by 6th c. BCE into small regional kingdoms fighting each other, most often remaining decentralized
One example of centralized rule was the Mauryans in 320s BCE
Chandragupta Maurya filled power-vacuum left after Alexander the Great withdraws from India 12

13. His grandson Ashoka (Asoka) continued conquering until bloody campaign convinced him to rule by moral example
Tightly organized bureaucracy, built roads, hospitals and rest houses which facilitated trade
Rock Edicts
After his death, the empire declined and India returned to regional kingdoms…but order and stability remained with increase in trade 13

14. India united again c. 320 CE by Chandra Gupta
South remained out of his control
Left local government and administration in power
Invasion of the White Huns weakened the empire and India returned to regional rule 14

15. Economy Benefited from expansion of agriculture and increase in trade
Ashoka promoted trade by building roads, wells, and inns
Silk Roads connected India with China
Indian sailors master monsoon winds, sailing to Indonesia and Southeast Asia
Their cotton and black pepper made it all the way to Rome 15

16. Social Structure and Gender Roles
Women forbidden to read Vedas and were legally minors
To marry well, a woman needed a large dowry
Women couldn’t inherit and widows could not remarry
Women had property rights but declined in status during Gupta
Ritual of sati for wealthy women
Strict social hierarchy with caste system, occupation dictated by caste 16

17. 17

18. Culture, Arts, Science, Technology
Ashoka helps spread Buddhism
Hinduism gradually eclipses Buddhism
Indian art stressed symbolism
Geometry and algebra flourish: circumference of earth and value of pi calculated, concept of zero, decimal system and “Arabic” numbers developed
Chess and playing cards 18

19. Out of Africahttp://www. wadsworth
Bantu
2000 BCE to 1000 CE, spread from West Africa thru Sub- Saharan Africa, spread iron and language, bananas furthered migration, increased Africa’s population
Phoenicians
Seafaring people of eastern Mediterranean Sea, colonies in N Africa and S Europe, alphabet, spread maritime skills and spread alphabetic language to Greece, Rome, and on 19

20. Polynesia
Australia around 60,000 years ago, 2000 BCE spread to other Pacific islands like Fiji, Samoa, Hawaii, planned colonization?, distinct development
Israelites
Originated about 2000 BCE with Abraham, settled in Canaan, monotheism distinct, migration to Egypt led to slavery and freed by Moses, formed kingdom of Israel, no conversion, basis of Christianity and Islam, Jewish Diaspora 20

21. Huang He or Yellow River 1766 to 1122 BCE Oracle bones
Written Chinese pictographs evolved into ideographs
Bronze metallurgy aids in rise of military state 21

22. Veneration of ancestors and family unit
1122 to 256 BCE
Mandate of Heaven
Power divinely given but could be taken away if justice and order not maintained
Floods, earthquakes, and peasant rebellions threatened dynasty
Veneration of ancestors and family unit
Class distinctions: ruling elite, aristocrats, free artisans, peasants, slaves
Iron metallurgy 22

23. Zhou lost control of western half of empire as early as 771 BCE and last two centuries known as Era of Warring States
441 to 221 BCE no strong central government - constant fighting and disorder
Three philosophies emerge attempting to end the fighting and restore order: Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism 23

24. First emperor Qin Shihuangdi centralizes imperial rule using Legalism
221 BCE to 206 BCE
First emperor Qin Shihuangdi centralizes imperial rule using Legalism
Sponsored building defensive walls (precursor to Great Wall)
Standardized weights, measures, script, currency, laws
Burns Confucian books and buries alive Confucian scholars
When emperor died revolts broke out 24

25. 25

26. Used centralized imperial rule but lessened Legalist hard edge
206 BCE to 220 CE
Used centralized imperial rule but lessened Legalist hard edge
Wu Di ( BCE) built roads and canals, est. university with Confucian curriculum
Civil service exams
Expand into North Vietnam, Korea, and Central Asia 26

27. Economy
Cycle: agriculture flourishes with increase in long- distance trade, iron metallurgy increases agriculture- increasing trade and military strength
Military strength allowed overland trade to increase because peace and order maintained
Silk Roads flourish under the Han Dynasty, connecting them to Central Asia, India, and Roman Empire
Tributary system of trade with “inferior neighbors” and gifts to nomads 27

28. Social Structure and Gender Roles
Patriarchal society with set social structure
Women were to find match to strengthen family alliances; widows could remarry
Upper class women tutored
Scholar-gentry, peasants, merchants
Culture, Arts, Science, Technology
Family and ancestors most important unit
Filial piety
Daoist reverence for nature important in Han
Wheelbarrow, horse collars, watermills
Sternpost rudder and compass
PAPER 28

29. Neo Babylonian empire fell to Persians in 539 BCE
Vast and tolerant empire organized into satrapies; Royal Road; Zoroastrianism 29

30. Mycenaeans (2200 BCE to 1100 BCE)
Minoans (3000 BCE to 1450 BCE)
Island of Crete; writing known as Linear A; peaceful; legend of King Minos and minotaur; palace at Knossos; Snake goddess; frescoes; reasons for collapse unknown (Santorini eruption, invasion?)
Mycenaeans (2200 BCE to 1100 BCE)
Mainland Greece; writing known as Linear B; Trojan War 30

31. Like India, primarily decentralized based on local identity
Organized by polis (city-state); some monarchy, many had collaborative rule (Sparta v. Athens CC)
Dark Ages (1100 BCE to 800 BCE) 31

32. Peloponnesian War (431-404 BCE)
Migration
Population pressures created era of colonization
Colonies used own resources and followed own path
Facilitated trade throughout region
Spread Greek culture
Created political conflict with Persia
Persian War ( BCE)
Delian League
Peloponnesian War ( BCE) 32

33. 33

34. King Philip II had Greek peninsula under his control by 338 BCE
Alexander the Great
Conquered Persia by 330 BCE
Died in 323 BCE
Empire divided among three of his generals
Antigonid (Greece and Macedonia)
Ptolemaic (Egypt)
Seleucid (Persia) 34

35. 35

36. Relied heavily on trade
During Hellenistic Era, caravan trade and sea lanes in Mediterranean flourished 36

37. Patriarchal with strict social divisions
Women mostly owned no land and wore veils in public
Could be a priestess and upper-class women fairly literate (Spartans competed in athletics)
Slaves acquired because they accrued debt, were POWs, or traded
Greek religion was polytheistic and personified nature 37

38. Literature: Homer conveyed the value of the hero in Greek society
Philosophy
Socrates encouraged reflection: “Unexamined life is not worth living”
Plato’s Republic: ideal state had philosopher king
Aristotle
Literature: Homer conveyed the value of the hero in Greek society
Plays 38

39. Architecture: temples and columns
Science: strides in anatomy (Galen), astronomy, and math (Archimedes) 39

40. Punic Wars with Carthage (264-146 BCE) From Republic to Empire
Class tensions between patricians and plebeians
Unequal distribution of wealth
Julius Caesar
Augustus (27 BCE)
Pax Romana
Twelve Tables 40

41. 41

42. System of roads leads to economic success Uniform currency
Common language: Latin
Mediterranean Sea: the Roman Lake
Empire strongly interdependent 42

43. 43

44. Patriarchal, pater familias Women
Oversaw domestic affairs
Strict limits on inheritance
New classes of merchants emerge as wealth of empire expands
Slaves (1/3 of pop.) 44

45. Influence of the Greeks Religion
Polytheistic
Conflict with Jews and Christians
Edict of Milan and Theodosius 45

46. Art and Architecture: influenced by Greeks
Engineering: roads, concrete, aqueducts, public baths, stadiums, temples
Art and Architecture: influenced by Greeks 46

47. Silk Roads
Stretched from eastern China (Changan) through Mongolia and Taklamakan Desert to India and eastern Roman Empire
Traveled in stages through oasis towns
Buddhism popular in oasis towns such as Samarkand, Kashgar, and Dunhuang 47

48. Indian Ocean Mediterranean Sea “Sea lanes of the Silk Roads”
From Guangzhou in southern China to SE Asian islands, India, Arabian Sea, and Persian Gulf
Main participants? Malay and Indian sailors
Religion and culture spreads, Buddhism to SE Asia as well as Hindu cults
Mediterranean Sea
The Roman Lake
Trade from Syria to North Africa 48

49. Spread of Disease Migration
Han and Roman Empires suffered epidemics in 2nd and 3rd c. CE (exacerbated by trade and interaction)
Trade declined & economies more regional
Migration
Bantu Migration
Polynesian Migration 49

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52. 52