1. Unit 8: Civil War

2. Lincoln Elected, 1860
What does this election show about the country? DIVIDED INTO SECTIONS
* Ask students, based on where support comes from, what each candidate believed about the issue of slavery.
Douglas = (N Dems) popular sovereignty; Beckenridge (S Dems) pro-slavery and upheld Dred Scott decision; Bell = (Constitutional Party, TN) = Moderates, took NO stand on slavery – “status quo”; Lincoln = (Rep.) No expansion of slavery in territories/states and includes abolitionists
How did Lincoln win without any southern states? ELECTORAL VOTES

3. Northern Industrialization and Southern Agrarian Economies
Note how sections are different:

4. “South Carolina Secedes”
“South Carolina Secedes” The election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 was the final straw for many southerners. A month after the election of Lincoln, on December 20, 1860, South Carolina seceded – left the Union. Within the next two months, six more southern states left the Union to form the “Confederate States of America” CSA.

5. Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union Adopted December 24, 1860
“… Thus were established the two great principles asserted by the Colonies, namely: the right of a State to govern itself; and the right of a people to abolish a Government when it becomes destructive of the ends for which it was instituted. And concurrent with the establishment of these principles, was the fact, that each Colony became and was recognized by the mother Country a FREE, SOVEREIGN AND INDEPENDENT STATE.”
What two arguments does South Carolina give to justify their seceding/leaving the Union? RIGHT TO ABOLISH GOV’T THAT IS DESTRUCTIVE AND STATES ARE SOVEREIGN/INDEPENDENT, GOVERN THEMSELVES
What two arguments does South Carolina give to justify their seceding/leaving the Union?

6. Fort Sumter (April 12-13, 1861) Ft
Fort Sumter (April 12-13, 1861) Ft. Sumter, a federal fort, refuses to surrender. South Carolina (Confederacy) fires on Ft. Sumter. Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas and Tennessee refuse to take up arms (fight) against sister states and join the Confederacy.

7. Tennessee Geography and Slavery
Analyze map. What connection do you make between geography and slavery in TN? NOTE: East TN mountainous, colder, little to few slaves and Middle and West TN flatter – less hilly, warmer, better cotton and tobacco growing land suitable for slavery.
Darker green = more mountainous
White = Less slaves (10% or less)
Darkest = Many slaves (80% or more)

8. Tennessee Slaves and Secession
Analyze map. What connection do you make between the slave population and counties that supported secession? Slave population and counties that did not support secession? (EX: East TN did not support secession because they had few slaves while Middle and West TN did support secession because they relied on slave labor.)
White = Voted 90% or more for secession
Darkest = Voted 25% or less for secession
White = 10% or less slaves owned
Darkest = 80% or more slaves owned

9. Closure Slave “border” states that remained in the Union Analyze the map. What evidence leads you to understand why these slave states stayed in the Union?
Refer back to earlier prediction about which southern states seceded first. NOTE: Closer to North, less likely to secede; possibly trade connections, marriage, more contact, etc.. Also NOTE: border states

10. C “Leaders” NORTH SOUTH President Abraham Lincoln
Union
SOUTH
President Jefferson Davis Confederate States of America “CSA”

11. Brilliant military strategist beloved by soldiers
C “Leaders”
Gen. Ulysses S. Grant (N): Aggressive and willing to sacrifice soldiers in battle
Gen. Robert E. Lee (S):
Brilliant military strategist beloved by soldiers

12. Northern Industrialization and Southern Agrarian Economies
Note how sections are different:

13. B “Battles”: 1ST Bull Run (1ST Manassas). July 21, 1861
B “Battles”: 1ST Bull Run (1ST Manassas) July 21, st land battle - Confusion & Union retreats, runs * NO “PARTY” or EASY VICTORIES = LONG, COSTLY WAR
No Party

14. C “Leaders”: “Stonewall” Jackson (S) - Stood firm like a “stone wall” at battle of Bull Run - Smart strategist, aggressive, dependable - Lee’s “right arm”
Stonewall Jackson “Stood like a wall” at first battle of Bull Run (on his horse, unflinching in battle)

15. B “Battles”: First Bull Run http://www. history

16. C “Leaders”: Nathan Bedford Forrest TN brilliant cavalry commander; “eyes” of Army of TN
“get there first with the most men”

17. “Technology”
Iron clad ships – wooden ships covered in iron making canon shots less effective, “bounce off”
Minie’ balls and rifles increased the distance and accuracy of rifles causing more serious injuries

18. C “Leaders” North David Farragut (TN) – Naval blockade commander; Commanded the Union blockade of Southern ports, helped capture the the Confederate city of New Orleans and provided support for General Ulysses S. Grant’s siege of Vicksburg. Farragut is best known for his victory at the Battle of Mobile Bay in August 1864, during which he commanded his fleet to ignore Confederate defenses in the harbor .

19. Civil War technology video

20. The Battle of Antietam September 17, 1862

21. George B. McClellan (USA)
The Two Commanders
Robert E. Lee (CSA)
George B. McClellan (USA)

22. General Robert E. Lee’s reasons for invading Maryland
To gather supplies and troops from the slave-holding border state of Maryland.
To give the farmers in Virginia time to bring in their crops for the winter.
To get military or political support from France and Great Britain.
To damage Northern morale before the November elections.
To bring the war north and threaten Washington, DC and other Northern cities.
Defeat the Union army once and for all.

23. Death in the Cornfield
The Cornfield and Dunker Church area saw some of U.S. History’s most horrific fighting. For nearly three hours Union and Confederate forces battled each other and were cut to pieces.

24. Bloody Lane
Outnumbered Confederates in the Sunken Road were able to withstand a Union frontal attack, but their line collapsed when flanked, resulting in tremendous casualties on both sides.

25. The Burnside Bridge
About 500 Confederates held this area overlooking the bridge for three hours until General Burnside’s men finally captured it and crossed Antietam Creek.

26. Results of the Battle
The Battle of Antietam ended Robert E. Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia’s first invasion into the North
The Confederate Army Retreats Back to Virginia

27. Results of the Battle
The Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest single day battle in American History. 23,000 soldiers were killed, wounded, or missing in a twelve-hour period.
Dead soldiers in front of Dunker Church.

28. B “Battles”: Antietam = Band-aid. Sept. 17, 1862
B “Battles”: Antietam = Band-aid Sept. 17, South invades North (Maryland) Lee’s battle plans discovered ,000 wounded/dead * BLOODIEST SINGLE DAY * LINCOLN ISSUES EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION

29. Results of the Battle
This battle also resulted in President Lincoln issuing the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation

30. D “Events”: Emancipation Proclamation
Emancipation Proclamation Excerpts:
"That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free…
And I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to be free to abstain from all violence, unless in necessary self-defence; and I recommend to them that, in all cases when allowed, they labor faithfully for reasonable wages.
And I further declare and make known, that such persons of suitable condition, will be received into the armed service of the United States to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service… “ Abraham Lincoln

31. Emancipation Proclamation

32. Surgeons try to care for the 19,000 wounded
The Mumma family farm was destroyed

33. The Average Soldier They were old and young, but mostly young…
Discussion:
Why do you think the Civil War is sometimes called the “Boys’ War?”
How many Union Soldiers were under 16?
How many soldiers were between 16 and 23?
How many were over 23?
Do you think most soldiers in the Confederate army would have been older or younger? Why?

34. Causalities of the War

35. What They Carried Canteen Pan Cartridge box (Union) Tooth brush Razor
Soap
Blanket
Silver wear
Plate
Comb
Musket
Money (Confederate)
Photographs
Bible
Stamps (Confederate, Jefferson Davis prints)
Haversack (Union)

36. Black Soldiers
In general, the Union army was reluctant to use African-American troops in combat. This was partly due to racism: There were many Union officers who believed that black soldiers were not as skilled
or as brave as white soldiers. By this logic, they thought that African Americans were better suited for jobs as fortification builders, cooks, guards, teamsters, and grave diggers which freed up more Union soldiers to fight.
However, there were several battles in which black soldiers did fight and proved their bravery and skills such as the Massachusetts 54th

37. Sam Watkins 1st Tennessee Infantry, Company H
“ At a little village called Hampshire Crossing, our regiment was ordered to go to a little stream called St. John’s Run, to relieve the 14th Georgia Regiment and the 3rd Arkansas…and when we arrived there we found the guard sure enough. If I remember correctly, there were just eleven of them. Some were sitting down and some were lying down; but each and every one was as cold and as
hard frozen as the icicles that hung from their hands and faces and clothing – dead! They had died at their post duty. [Two of them, a little in advance of the others, were standing with their guns in their hands, as cold and as hard frozen as a monument of marble-]
Standing sentinel with loaded guns in their frozen hands!
…Hundreds of poor wretches were frostbitten. Many died on the road and many lost arms and legs.” - Sam Watkins, Co. Aytch
What happened to many Southern soldiers in the winter?
What can you infer about their condition based on these events?
Sam Watkins,
21 year old private
from Columbia, TN

38. Sam Davis – Confederate TN Hero
Sam Davis (1842–1863), a Confederate hero from Smyrna Co., was hanged at 21 years old as a spy in the Civil War. Davis enlisted in the First Tennessee Infantry in 1861 and was assigned to a scout company involved in intelligence work. In 1863, while carrying dispatches detailing Union troop movements to General Braxton Bragg, Davis was captured by Union soldiers near Pulaski, Tennessee. Offered a chance to live if he revealed his spy source, he refused and was condemned as a spy and hanged.
Inscribed on a monument on the capitol grounds at Nashville are his last words: “The boys will have to fight the battles without me.”

39. Lincoln’s Command Problems
After Antietam, McClellan kept the army in western Maryland until Oct 1862
Lincoln could not find a general that would aggressively fight the war
He’d already been through McDowell, McClellan, Pope, and McClellan again
On Nov 7, he relieved McClellan and replaced him with Ambrose Burnside

40. Fredericksburg
In spite of his early success on the North Carolina coast, Burnside was very modest and did not think he was up for the job
He tried to decline the responsibility, but Lincoln insisted

41. Fredericksburg
Within a week of assuming command, Burnside launched a new “On to Richmond” campaign
The plan was to slide past Lee’s right flank and cross the river at Fredericksburg, about fifty miles north of Richmond
Burnside would have to cross the river quickly before the Confederates could oppose him in force

42. Fredericksburg
Lee had some 20,000 men under Longstreet on Marye's Heights behind a stone wall at the crest of the ridge
To guard against a Federal crossing downstream, south of the city, Lee had the rest of his men to the south under Jackson along hills in another excellent defensive position
On Dec 13, Burnside made six major assaults against Marye’s Heights
All failed

43. General Joseph Hooker took control of the Union Army after General Burnside made his blunder at Fredericksburg. One part of his army crossed the river south of Fredericksburg, the other crossed the river 12 miles to the north at Chancellorsville. Hooker successfully outflanked Lee. Or so he thought….

44. Chancellorsville Lee planned an envelopment
Kept 14,000 men to attack Hooker’s front and sent Jackson with 28,000 to attack Hooker’s flank

45. Chancellorsville Brilliant Confederate victory
But at the cost of Jackson who was mistakenly shot by his own men while on reconnaissance
Jackson “has lost his left arm; but I have lost my right arm.”
Lee on learning of Jackson’s wound

46. B “Battles”: Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville (Confederate Victories) show Robert E. Lee’s brilliance as a strategist and his dependency on Stonewall Jackson

47. After success at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, Lee invades the north again. After trying to break the union lines for 2 days, Lee tries a frontal assault on entrenched union forces. This was known as Pickett’s charge. This attempt failed miserably. Lee ultimately retreats to Virginia.

48. B “Battles”: Gettysburg = North win. - July 1-3, 1863
B “Battles”: Gettysburg = North win July 1-3, Union 23,000 casualties Confederate 28,000 casualties = 1/3 of Lee’s Army! * TURNING POINT IN WAR, FAVORING NORTH
Remember the TItans

49. Lincoln’s “Gettysburg Address” speech
In November 1863, President Abraham Lincoln was invited to deliver remarks, which later became known as the Gettysburg Address, at the official dedication ceremony for the National Cemetery of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania
In his speech, he invoked the principles of human equality contained in the Declaration of Independence and connected the sacrifices of the Civil War with the desire for “a new birth of freedom.”