1. Pre-Class –Read Page 79-80
What good was the backbone of the Trans-Saharan Trade?
What were the effects of this trade?

2. Trans-SaharaN Trade
Salt for Gold

3. Trans-Saharan Trade on sheet
Trade across the Sahara
Salt for Gold
Effect:
Rise of West African Kingdoms and Diffusion

7. 10,000 years ago the Sahara was fertile grassland.

8. The desert formed slowly over thousands of years.

9. Desertification: Land is turned to desert. The Sahara is still growing
Desertification: Land is turned to desert. The Sahara is still growing. on sheet

10. Most people migrated out to sources of water.

11. The Nile River

16. The Nile’s regular flooding produced fertile land. This led to farming.

19. Some adapted to the desert: Pastoralists (nomadic herders) learned to domesticate animals, but did not settle in villages. on sheet

22. The Sahara separated the north from the south and two cultures developed.

23. Trade was limited to the Nile Region.

25. Introduction of the camel from India began a new age of trade.

26. The introduction of the camel to the West-Africans around 750 AD
The introduction of the camel to the West-Africans around 750 AD. They were practically built for Saharan trade and travel, and were vastly superior to the horse. They could carry heavy loads for seemingly endless distances, were able to keep their footing on sandy terrain and also could go for long periods of time without water.

27. Caravan: group of desert merchants, especially in northern Africa and Asia, crossing the desert together for safety, usually with a train of camels on sheet

33. Three trade zones developed on sheet

34. Mediterranean -maintained contact with Middle East and Europe Traded: Mediterranean food manufactured products and iron

36. 2. Sahara: Pastoralist culture – Traded salt for gold to the north and south Salt Reading

41. Saharan salt is either mined as at Taoudenni or evaporated from salt pans as at Teguidda-n-Tessoumt, Niger. The reddish earth containing salt is stirred up with water in large pans. As the earth settles the water is scooped off into smaller pans where it is evaporated leaving salt.
Salt Mines of Mali
Video
Salt Mines of Mali
Video 3:02
Salt Mine Website

47. Ghana
The exchange of gold and salt followed a process called silent barter.
This is a process in which people exchange goods without ever contacting each other directly because they do not understand each others language.

48. Ghana's king was the inventor of the silent barter.
allowed trade to proceed without requiring face-to-face interaction between any two involved parties.
The Ghanaians simply didn't share the same languages with many of their traders. Going the silent route allowed trade to move along swiftly without anyone having to utter a word.
King also required all visitors to his nation to pay a tariff. In and out
Silent bartering was simple and effective.
The traders in Ghana would keep the gold at a designated spot, often by a river. The gold was labeled with its exact price. Once the foreign traders arrived at the spot, they would in turn leave the appropriate amount of goods, whether salt or anything else.
If they didn't leave enough, the penalty was severe -- no more valuable trade with Ghana..

49. 3. Sahel- Traded gold, ivory, and animal skins from the south

54. Rise of West African Kingdoms (chart):
Ghana
Mali
Songhai

56. 5:00 Link

58. Ghana West Africa – 500AD Founded by Soninke Ruler: King of the Gold
Title: ghana meaning War Chief
Governed through princes and officials
Powerful army- iron tipped spears
paid a tax for safety
Gold for Salt trade (Bebers)
Decline: Almoravids attacked (maybe) and broke into smaller states ( )

59. • At around 1075, the kingdom of Ghana met its end
• At around 1075, the kingdom of Ghana met its end. Muslim Berbers, calling themselves Almoravids, were unhappy with the ways of the Ghanaians. Therefore they declared war which ultimately lead to the destruction of the kingdom.

60. 5:00

61. Mali
West Africa
Established by Mandingos (Malinke) and founded by Sundiata
Controlled trade
Mansa Musa ( ):strong army; Islam page 80 quotes
Justice based on Quran
Pilgrimage to Mecca = world wide recognition
Timbuktu: city - education
Decline: weakening of central power (1400’s) – Crash Course Video Mansa Musa :54 or 12:00

62. Between the 13th and 14th century, the kingdom of Mali emerged
Between the 13th and 14th century, the kingdom of Mali emerged. According to African oral histories it was founded by Sundiata who lived ruled Mali from
Hungry Lion

68. Video – Coolest Stuff on the Planet – 5:00
Storm Proofing Mosque – Video – 4:00

70. Songhai West Africa Trade Sunni Ali (1464) – Gao and strong military
Askia Muhammad – peak
Timbuktu – center of learning
Decline: ethnic conflicts
1591: Moroccan army – advanced military

71. Sunni Ali

72. Tomb of Askia
Manuscripts of mathematics and astronomy found in Timbuktu.

73. Ghana
100 AD
Shona people leave Nigeria because of a population explosion.
200 AD
Ghana founded
350 AD
Ghana learns to smelt iron.
400 AD
Trading centers arise in West Africa
700 AD
Ghana was the first trading kingdom. AD
"Golden Age" of Ghana.
1042 AD
Arabs from North Africa start war with Ghana
Mali
1240 AD
Ghana part of Mali
Mansa Musa pilgrimage to Arabia.
Songhai
1400's
Songhai controlled land that had been part of Mali.
1464 AD
Sultan Sunni Ali rules Songhai from city of Gao.
1493 AD
King Askia Muhammad, who succeeded Sunni Ali
1591 AD
1591 Morocco seizes Songhai's gold mines.
1700 AD
Shona people settle in Zimbabwe

74. maintain trade routes and benefit from diffusion
Closure: How did trade contribute to the rise of strong African Kingdoms?
Trade =
wealth =
strong armies =
expand empire =
maintain trade routes and
benefit from diffusion

75. The Bantu Migration
People from Northwest Africa called Bantu began moving southward around 1000BC

76. Bantu Migration Map

77. *Bantu is a language type and ethnic group on sheet

78. *They arrive in Southern Africa where they were known as the Xhosa and the Zulu.

80. East African city-states Crash Course Video Mansa Musa – 6:54 – 12:00
East Coast Africa below Equator
Malindi, Mombasa, Zanzibar
Monsoons (Crash Course Video) Crash Course Video Monsoons 10:00
trade with Islamic kingdoms and India
Swahili: a mixture of the local Bantu languages and Arabic. on sheet
Agriculture
Zimbabwe gold
Decline: Portuguese 1500’s

82. African Trade Routes

85. 5:00

86. Zimbabwe Southern Africa between Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers
Means: Great Stone House
Shona: probably unified diverse group of people
Gold trade
Decline: 1400’s ?

87. “Zimbabwe” = “stone enclosure”
Great Zimbabwe [ ]
“Zimbabwe” = “stone enclosure”
Unesco Video 2:45

89. Great Enclosure, Zimbabwe

91. CNN Video 9:00 Zimbabwe

92. Trade, (controlled by the Muslims of North Africa) found its way to Europe. This got Europe’s attention.

94. Europe began looking for the source of gold and a route around Muslim control of trade.