1. The English Colonies
Chapter 3

2. The Southern Colonies
Section 1

3. Settlement in Jamestown
1605: London Company is given permission to found (establish) a settlement in a region called Virginia
1607: founded Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement

4. Colonists weren’t prepared to live in America, so many of them died
Most men were adventurers without skills like farming and carpentry
Land was surrounded by marshes full of disease-carrying mosquitoes
2/3 died by winter

5. 1608: John Smith took control and built a fort
Forced settlers to work
Initiated a system of rules that rewarded hard workers with food
They also received help from the Powhatan Confederacy (Natives) after Smith made an agreement with them
They brought food and taught how to plant corn

6. 1609: 400 more settlers arrived in Jamestown
Disease and famine hit again— “the starving time”—only 60 left
Jamestown failed to make a profit until John Rolfe introduced a new type of tobacco that sold well in England

7. 1622: war broke out after colonists killed a Powhatan leader
1614: John Rolfe married Pocahontas, the daughter of the Powhatan leader
Marriage led to peaceful relations
Pocahontas died three years later in England
1622: war broke out after colonists killed a Powhatan leader
1624: VA became a royal colony (king rules) because they could not protect its colonists

8. Daily life in Virginia At first people lived in scattered farms
Tobacco farmers established plantations
Sometimes used as money
The London Company had started the headright system
50 acres if they paid for their trip
They could earn 50 more acres for every extra person they brought—many would bring servants and relatives

9. Mid-1600s: life-long slavery established
High death rate = labor shortages
Majority of workers were indentured servants—they signed a contract to work for four to seven years for those who paid for their journey to America
1619: first Africans brought
Some were servants and became farmers when their contracts ended
Others were slaves
Mid-1600s: life-long slavery established
Demand for workers was high + slaves were cheaper

10. 1676: Nathaniel Bacon led former indentured servants to attack friendly Native Americans
He opposed the governor’s policy of trade with the Natives
He also wanted the Natives’ lands
When the governor tried to stop him, they attacked and burned Jamestown in an uprising known as Bacon’s Rebellion
At one point, he controlled a lot of the colony
But he died of fever, and the rebellion ended…

11. Maryland 1620s: Catholics wanted a colony for religious freedom
1632: Maryland founded
Intended to be a refuge for English Catholics
Proprietary colony—the owners controlled the government instead of the king

12. 1634: 200 English Catholics came to Maryland
Wealthy landowners, servants, craftspeople, farmers
Learned from the people of Jamestown– began to grow tobacco for profit
Protestants began moving in the 1640s  religious conflict
Toleration Act of 1649: made it a crime to restrict religious rights of Christians
First law of religious tolerance in the English colonies

13. The Carolinas 1663: Carolinas founded At first, it was one colony
But settlements were too far apart to govern so they separated in 1712
North Carolina was mostly farmers from VA
Europeans settled South Carolina—it was managed poorly
: proprietary govt. overthrown—became royal colony

14. Georgia
1732: King George II granted a charter to James Oglethorpe to found Georgia
He hoped to shield the English from the Spanish in Florida
Oglethorpe wanted Georgia to be a place where people in debt could start a new life
Wanted small farms (not plantations)—so he outlawed slavery (and other strict rules)
People got tired of the rules and the British government made it a royal colony with new rules (1752)
Soon, it was filled with rice plantations and slaves

15. Economies of the Southern Colonies
Economies depended on agriculture
Farms and plantations did well because of the warm climate and long growing season
They grew cash crops like tobacco, rice, and indigo
Also exported raw materials for ship-building
Cash crops and plantations made slavery necessary
Most of the southern colonies passed slave codes, or laws to control the slaves

16. The new England Colonies
Section 2

17. Pilgrims and Puritans Religious tension in England
Puritans wanted to purify (reform) the Church of England—they thought church leaders had too much power
Remember! Church of England = Anglican Church
Some Protestants were Separatists
Wanted to separate from the Church of England
Anglican leaders would persecute and punish them

18. Pilgrims: Separatist group that left England in the early 1600s
Received permission to settle in Virginia
September 16, 1620: the Mayflower left England with more than 100 men, women, and children
They reached Plymouth two months later (north of VA)

19. Because they did not land in VA, the charter did not apply
They made their own rules to govern the colony
November 21, 1620: 41 Pilgrim men signed the Mayflower Compact
a legal contract in which they agreed to have fair laws to protect the general good
One of the first attempts of self- government in the English Colonies

20. Struggled through the winter— ½ died
March 1621: Native Americans taught them to fertilize the soil with fish remains & establish relations with surrounding tribes
Conditions began to improve 
Strong sense of community
Became stronger when more people came in the mid 1620s
Community centered around the importance of family
They taught their children to read (and sometimes indentured servants)
Women had more legal rights

21. Great Migration—Puritans leave England to escape persecution
: thousands of men, women, and children left England
1629: group of Puritans received a charter to settle in New England
Formed the Massachusetts Bay Company
1630: left for Massachusetts for religious freedom led by John Winthrop
believed they had made a promise with God to build an ideal Christian community

22. The Puritans were well- prepared
Plus, they faced little resistance from Natives
They traded with the Plymouth colony
The climate was fair so very few died
By 1691, the colony had expanded to include the Plymouth colony as well

23. Religion and Government in New England
Massachusetts had to obey English laws, but they had more freedom than the royal colony of Virginia
Ex: created a General Court to help run the colony– a type of self-government
Each town sent 2 or 3 delegates
They elected the governor and his assistants
In 1644: it became a bicameral legislature (two houses)

24. Religion and government were closely linked
Government were church members
Religious leaders often had power in the communities
Only male church members could vote
Long and public process to show their faith to join the church

25. 1636: minister Thomas Hooker left MA to found Connecticut
1639: Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
Made the government more democratic, like allowing non-church member men to vote
He is often called the father of American democracy

26. Leaders exiled him for “disrupting the community”
1636: Another Puritan minister, Roger Williams, did not agree with the leadership of MA
Criticized the General Court
Leaders exiled him for “disrupting the community”
established a new colony called Providence (later Rhode Island)
Promoted separation of church and state, & complete religious tolerance

27. In Boston, Anne Hutchinson publicly discussed “radical” religious ideas
Ex: believed a person’s relationship with God did not need guidance from a minister
Puritan leaders exiled her
She founded the colony of Portsmouth, which became part of Rhode Island

28. But the worst community conflict in New England happened in the 1690s
The Salem Witch Trials
A group of girls had accused people of casting spells on them and the community formed a special court to judge the witchcraft cases
The suspects were often forced to confess, resulting in 19 people being put to death
of-us/videos/mankind-the-story-of-all-of-us-salem-witch- trials

29. New England Economy No need for cheap labor Trade vital to economy
Harsh climate and rocky soil = very few cash crops
Subsistence farming: People farmed and raised animals for themselves
No need for cheap labor
Some people had slaves, but slavery was not that important
Trade vital to economy
Locally, with other colonies, and overseas
Merchants became wealthy and powerful

30. Fishing and whaling became a leading industries
Shipbuilding also
Plenty of forests provided the materials
Slave-trading and fishing industries needed ships
The ships built there were high- quality vessels

31. Education in the Colonies
Education was important in New England
To be able to read the Bible
Massachusetts passed some of the first laws that required parents to provide instruction to children
This was to be sure that future generations would have educated ministers and leaders
Higher education was also important to the colonists
1636: John Harvard and the General Court founded Harvard College
By 1700: about 70% of men and women in New England could read and write

32. This figure was much lower in Virginia
The next college in the colonies was not founded until 1693 in Virginia—William and Mary
This figure was much lower in Virginia
This is because other colonies did not stress education as much as New England
Many times, children went to elementary school and then had to go work on the farm or in the family business

33. The Middle Colonies
Section 3

34. New York and new jersey
Dutch founded New Netherland in 1613 as a trading post
Center was in New Amsterdam (on Manhattan Island)
Land grants and religious tolerance brought different types of people

35. 1664: English fleet captured the undefended colony of New Amsterdam without firing a single shot
New Netherland  New York
New Amsterdam  New York City
1664: founded New Jersey (proprietary colony)
Diverse population: Dutch, Swedes, Finns, and Scots

36. Penn’s Colony
The Quakers (the Society of Friends) made up one of the largest religious groups in New Jersey
Did not follow formal religious practices & dressed plainly
Believed in equality between men and women before God
Supported nonviolence and religious tolerance for ALL people
These beliefs shocked many Christians
Persecuted in England and America

37. William Penn  Quaker & proprietor from NJ
Wanted to found a colony to be a safer home for Quakers
1681: received a charter to begin a colony west of New Jersey
Pennsylvania grew quickly
Penn limited his own power and established an elected assembly
Promised religious freedom to all Christians

38. Pennsylvania = great example of representative self-government in the colonies (a government that reflects its citizens’ will)
The capital was named Philadelphia: “the city of brotherly love”

39. Economy of the middle Colonies
Combo of southern & New England colonies
Good climate & rich land
Farmers grew large amounts of staple crops—crops that are always needed
Ex: wheat, barley, and oats
Also raised livestock
Trade was very important—esp. fur trade
1760: Philadelphia was the largest colonial city in the English colonies
Other cities in the middle colonies also grew quickly (i.e. NYC)

40. Indentured servants filled labor needs
Slaves were important
Worked in cities as skilled laborers (ex: blacksmiths and carpenters)
Others worked on farms, onboard ships, and in the growing shipbuilding industry
Indentured servants filled labor needs
: 135,000 indentured servants came to the middle colonies (half moved to Philadelphia)
Women made important contributions
Ran farms and businesses (ex: clothing and grocery stores, bakeries, drugstores)
Some practiced medicine, working as nurses and midwives
But colonial laws and customs still limited women’s economic opportunities

41. Life in the English Colonies
Section 4

42. Colonial Governments Given power by a charter
The English monarch had ultimate authority with help from council
Governor served as the head of the government of each colony
They were assisted by an advisory council
These officials were selected differently, based on the type of colony
Royal colonies: the king and queen chose the governor and the council members
Proprietary colonies: proprietors chose the officials
Other colonies: officials were elected (ex: Connecticut)

43. Virginia had the first colonial legislature, est. in 1619
Some colonies also elected representatives to help make laws and set policy
They served on assemblies
The assembly would pass laws that had to be approved by the advisory council and the governor
Virginia had the first colonial legislature, est. in 1619
It first met as a single body, but then split into two houses
Council of State: members selected by advisory council and the London Company
House of Burgesses: members elected by the colonists

44. New England’s politics centered around the town meeting
People talked about and decided on issues of local interest, such as paying for schools
Southern colonies used county meetings because people lived farther away from each other
Middle colonies used both county meetings and town meetings

45. 1685: James II became king of England
He wanted more control over England and the colonies
1686: he united the northern colonies into the Dominion of New England and placed Sir. Edmund Andros royal governor of the Dominion
Colonists did not like him because he used his authority to limit the power of the town meeting
1689: English Parliament passed the English Bill of Rights, which reduced the powers of the English monarch and gave more power to Parliament
But colonists soon wanted the right to elect their own people to Parliament to decide local issues

46. Colonial courts were another part of colonial government
The courts reflected the beliefs of their local communities
Ex: laws in Massachusetts usually enforced Puritans’ religious beliefs
Colonial courts also protected individual freedom
Ex: they protected John Peter Zenger in court after he published something that would damage the reputation of New York’s governor

47. English Trade Laws
One of the main reason for setting up colonies was to earn money from trade
England used mercantilism: a system of creating and maintaining wealth through carefully controlled trade
Countries make money if they have fewer imports than exports
To support this system, Parliament passed the Navigation Acts between and 1696
Ex: Navigation Act of 1660 forbade colonists from trading specific item such as sugar and cotton with any country other than England
They also had to use English ships to trade
Other acts required all goods to come through English ports, where duties (import taxes) were added to the items

48. England claimed that these acts were good for the colonies
But some of the colonists disagreed because they wanted more freedom to buy and sell goods and to set their own prices
But despite the colonial complaints, the restrictions continued into the 1700s
To deal with it, some traders turned to smuggling
They often smuggled sugar, molasses, and run into the colonies from non-English islands in the Caribbean
Parliament responded with the Molasses Act of 1733
Placed duties (import taxes) on these items
Rarely enforced

49. 1700s: English merchants were trading all over the world
American merchants traded with Great Britain and the West Indies
Some of them became very wealthy by trading sugar and tobacco
But trade between American colonies and Great Britain was usually not direct
It usually involved triangular trade: a system in which goods and slaves were traded among the Americas, Britain, and Africa
There were several routes in the triangular trade
One route came from traders exchanging rum for West African slaves, and then selling them in the West Indies or the in the English colonies

50. The slave trade brought millions of Africans across the Atlantic in a voyage called the Middle Passage
A terrible journey that could last up to 3 months
Slave traders fit as many slaves as possible on board so they could earn the most profit
Thousands of captives would die on slave trips during the Middle Passage
As farmers began to use fewer indentured servants, slaves became more valuable

51. Great Awakening and Enlightenment
After population growth, religious leaders wanted to spread religious feeling throughout the colonies
Late 1730s: ministers began holding revivals–emotional gatherings where people came together to hear sermons
This became known as the Great Awakening: a religious movement that swept through the colonies in s and 1740s
This changed religion, and social and political life

52. Jonathan Edwards of Massachusetts was the most important of these leaders
His dramatic sermons told sinners to seek forgiveness for their sins or face punishment in Hell forever
The Great Awakening drew people from different regions, classes, and races
Women, members of minority groups, and poor people usually took part in many services
It helped people from different colonies to come together

53. The religious sermons also promoted ideas that affected politics
Ex: sermons that promoted spiritual equality led colonists to demand political equality
Revivals allowed people to talk about political and social issues

54. The Enlightenment also formed ideas for how government should work
During the 1600s: scientists began to better understand the laws that govern nature
They sparked a Scientific Revolution that changed how people thought of the world called the Enlightenment—took place during the 1700s that spread the idea that reason and logic could improve society
The Enlightenment also formed ideas for how government should work
Some thinkers thought that there was a social contract between government and citizens
Philosophers like John Locke thought people had natural rights such as equality and liberty

55. French and Indian War
1670s: tensions had arisen between New England colonists and the Wampanoag tribe
Metacomet (a.k.a. King Philip), a Wampanoag leader, opposed the colonists’ efforts to take his people’s lands
1675: King Philip’s War
Colonial militia fought Native American warriors
Both sides attacked each other’s settlements, killing men, women, and children
The fighting ended in 1676
600 colonists died and 3,000 Natives died

56. Many Natives trusted the French more than the English
But some Natives had become allies of the colonists because of trade relations
French and the Algonquian and Huron
English and the Iroquois League
Many Natives trusted the French more than the English
Until the mid-1700s: France and Great Britain struggled for North American territory—mostly in the Ohio River Valley, where they could take advantage of the valuable fur trade
The French already had 3 forts set up there

57. Fighting erupted in 1753 as the British moved to take over the region
George Washington showed up to fight and set up Fort Necessity
But he failed miserably and retreated
After, a convention met to talk about defense and they came up with the Albany Plan
The Seven Years War also broke out in Europe between Britain and France
1759: the turning point of the war because British general James Wolfe captured Quebec, gaining the advantage in the war
But the war continued for four more years

58. British settlers set up forts as they moved west
1763: Britain and France signed the Treaty of Paris, officially ending the war
Canada now belonged to the British
Britain also received all French land west of the Mississippi
They even received Florida from Spain (France’s allies)
The treaty changed the balance of power in North America and British settlers began moving west
British settlers set up forts as they moved west
Indian chief, Pontiac, opposed these new settlements and attacked British forts in May 1763 in Pontiac’s Rebellion

59. In order to avoid more fighting, King George III issued the Proclamation of 1763
This banned British settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains
They also had to leave the upper Ohio River Valley