1. Apartheid

2. Background on Apartheid
As you watch, write down five things you learn (try to pick things not covered in yesterday’s article)

3. What is Apartheid?
Definition: Social and political policy of racial segregation and discrimination
against native black Africans,
enforced by white minority
governments in South Africa
from
Apartheid = apartness (in Afrikaans, a Dutch based language)

4. Beginning of Apartheid
The policy goes back to 1650s with the arrival of the Dutch and the British
 1930s: The term
“apartheid” is created
and widely spread
1940s: “apartheid” is the
National Party’s slogan
1948: Afrikaner Nationalists come into power and made apartheid the law

5. Apartheid in Action
1950: Population Registration Act is put into place and four racial categories are created:
1. White
2. Colored (mixed race)
3. Bantu (Black African)
4. Asian (Indians and Pakistanis)
Group Areas Act of 1950: Assigns races to townships to keep the races separated – 3.5 million non-whites are removed from their homes and forced to move into segregated neighborhoods

6. Separate & Unequal
Blacks were purposefully given notably inferior resources than whites
Segregated housing, education, medical care 
Black citizens must carry papers 
Mixed marriages/relations are
illegal
Blacks cannot own land
Blacks cannot own businesses without permits

7. Police Brutality and Enforcement
Imprisoned for arbitrary reasons, completely at the decision of the officer who would be in complete control of his area (no due process)
Police killed 69 peaceful protesters at Sharpeville
Charges that some police officers would randomly
shoot their weapons to rule
their township with fear

8. Opposition to Apartheid
Black political groups vocalized their opposition through violence, strikes, and demonstrations
Most foreign governments denounce apartheid as a violation of human rights 
1985: US and Great Britain place economic sanctions against South Africa, placing pressure to end the policy

9. Soweto Protests
June 16, 1976 – thousands of students protested schools teaching in Afrikaans
Police released dogs and began shooting at the students
At least 176 died; some reports say up to 700 were killed

10. Bantu Stephen Biko Famous for “black is beautiful” quote
Was a student leader who created the Black Consciousness Movement
Taken into police custody after a protest, interrogated and beaten for 22
hours, and later pronounced dead
in police custody

11. Nelson Mandela
Served 27 years in jail for conspiracy to overthrow the government 
President of African National Congress ( )
Elected president of South
Africa during its first
election where all people
were allowed to vote
( )

12. The End of Apartheid
Early 1990s: President F.W. De Klerk (white) begins to dismantle the system
His first steps were releasing imprisoned black leaders and activists
1994: Constitution is re-written and free, general elections are held
First elected president was Nelson Mandela