1. 20th Century Reform Movements
Unrest in China

2. The End of the Qing Dynasty
A. By the late 1890s the imperialist powers of Great Britain, Germany, Russia, France, and Japan enjoyed substantial spheres of influence in China.
A sphere of
influence was an
area in which one
nation had a special
interest. Other
nations agreed to
respect those
special interests.

3. B. In 1896 William McKinley was elected President
B. In 1896 William McKinley was elected President. The United States was concerned that the United States was being excluded from trade with China. In 1899 the U.S. government appealed to other nations to recognize what it called the Open Door Policy. Under this policy, all nations would have equal rights to trade in China. In

5. C. The young Qing emperor tried to revitalize his
C. The young Qing emperor tried to revitalize his government and modernize China. The country’s conservative leaders were offended by these drastic cultural changes. The emperor’s aging aunt, the Empress Dowager, took action by having the emperor imprisoned and ruling China herself for the next ten years.

6. D. Chinese nationalists groups (known as Boxers) started a movement to oppose foreign imperialism in their country. When they began attacking foreigners throughout China, the uprising became known as the Boxer Rebellion. Determined to protect interest in China, foreign armies were sent to put down the Boxer Rebellion. China became completely controlled by foreign domination.

7. II. Overthrowing of the Dynasty A
II. Overthrowing of the Dynasty A. The failed Boxer Rebellion led young Chinese to desire governmental reforms. The Chinese Nationalist Party, Sun Yat-sen (leader), wanted a constitutional government with civil liberties guaranteed by a bill of rights. The nationalists believed that China could protect itself from foreign control only if it became a modern nation.

8. B. By 1912 the Chinese Nationalist Party forced
B. By 1912 the Chinese Nationalist Party forced the last Qing emperor to abdicate the throne, ending the 268-year old Qing Dynasty. The ending of the Qing Dynasty causes China to fall into political turmoil. Powerful warlords ruled most of the country with their personal armies.

9. III. Nationalism and Revolution in Asia A
III. Nationalism and Revolution in Asia A. Before World War I, Marxist ideas had no appeal for Asian intellectuals. The mostly agrarian Asian societies seemed ill-fitted for revolution. After the Russian Revolution, it became clear that Marxist ideas could be used to overthrow an outdated system.

10. B. In 1920, Lenin determined to spread communism to the outside world
B. In 1920, Lenin determined to spread communism to the outside world. The Comintern, or Communist International, was a worldwide organization of Communists parties dedicated to revolution. The Nationalists hoped to defeat the warlords and establish a strong central government for the Republic of China. In the early 1920s, the Soviets sent technical, political, and military advisors to help build a modern Chinese army.

11. C. In all of Asia, revolutionary Marxism had its greatest impact in China. By 1920, two political forces emerged to challenge the Chinese warlords: Sun Yat-Sen’s Nationalist Party and the Chinese Communist Party.

12. D. In 1921, young radicals formed the Chinese
D. In 1921, young radicals formed the Chinese Communist Party in the city of Shanghai. By 1923, the two parties (Nationalist Party and the Chinese Communist Party) formed an alliance to drive out the Chinese warlords.

13. E. Eventually the Nationalists and the Communists came into conflict
E. Eventually the Nationalists and the Communists came into conflict. After SunYat-Sen died, Chiang Kai-Shek became the Nationalist leader. He pretended to support the Communists, but did not. In 1927, he killed thousands of Communists in the Shanghai Massacre.
Shanghai Massacre
Chiang Kai-Shek

14. F. The Communists who escaped the purge of 1927 fled to the Jiangxi province in southeastern China. There they set up their own government, modeled after the Russian communist regime. In the early 1930s, Chiang realized that he had failed to destroy the Communists. Nationalists forces repeatedly attacked the Communists, but the Communists used guerrilla tactics to fight successfully against superior numbers.

15. G. Communists had four slogans about fighting: 1
G. Communists had four slogans about fighting: 1. When the enemy advances, we retreat. 2. When the enemy halts and camps, we trouble them. 3. When the enemy tries to avoid battle, we attack. 4. When the enemy retreats, we pursue. As the Nationalists’ assaults became more destructive, the Communists were forced to evacuate from Jiangxi.

16. IV. The Long March A. In the now-famous Long March, which lasted more than a year, the Communists made their way on foot from Jiangxi to the Shaanxi province in northwestern China. They were chased by Nationalist troops while crossing 18 mountain ranges and 24 rivers. Many died on the 6,000 mile trip.

17. 6,000 Miles Walked
90,000 Men Began
the March
9,000 Survived

18. B. The Communists had little food, faced freezing temperatures, and had to fight all the way. 90,000 troops began the march, but only 9,000 reached their destination. During the Long March, Mao Zedong became the leader of the Communist Party.
Mao Zedong

19. V. The New China of Chiang Kai-Shek A
V. The New China of Chiang Kai-Shek A. After the Long March, the threat from the Communists seemed to have ended. Chiang Kai-Shek was trying to build a new nation. He vowed to form a republican government.

20. B. Chiang tried to blend modern Western
B. Chiang tried to blend modern Western industrialization with traditional Confucian values of hard work, obedience, and integrity. Chiang and his wife instituted the “New Life Movement.” It promoted Confucian ideas and rejected the individualism and greed of Western capitalism.
Confucius

21. C. Some of Chiang’s successes included
C. Some of Chiang’s successes included starting a massive road-building program, repairing and expanding the railroads, creating a national bank, and improving the educational system.

22. D. Unfortunately, Chiang Kai-shek failed to deal
D. Unfortunately, Chiang Kai-shek failed to deal with two crucial problems. He did not change the oppressive system of land ownership, because they wanted to keep the support of landowners and merchants. Chiang also failed to change tax collection methods. In short, he did little to eliminate the suffering of Chinese peasants.

23. E. Mao was convinced that the Chinese revolution would come from the rural peasants rather than the urban working classes. While in Shaanxi the peasants were convinced that Mao Zedong was trying to help them. Many volunteered to serve in the Communist army, called the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) or “Red Army.”

24. F. In 1949 the PLA under the leadership of Mao
F. In 1949 the PLA under the leadership of Mao Zedong finally drove the Nationalists from power. Chiang Kai-shek, the Nationalists’ leader, fled with his supporters to the island of Taiwan. Chiang and the Nationalists formed a government there. On the Chinese mainland Mao Zedong’s Communists formed the People’s Republic of China. About 1 million Chinese were killed during the Communist takeover.