1. Bellwork
What advantages did both the Union and the Confederacy have in the war?

2. American History
Section 10, Unit 2
Civil War

3. Objectives
Compare how the North and South fared in the eastern campaigns
Explain how the battles of Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg affected northern morale
Analyze how the North achieved its goal of controlling the Mississippi River
Analyze how and why the Union’s war aims changed
Explain why the Emancipation Proclamation applies only to slaves living in areas of rebellion against the U.S.
Describe the strategies Grant and Sherman employed to win the war.
Identify some consequences of the war

4. Review Video
We are going to watch Civil War Part 1 from John Green and while you are watching it, consider this question:
For what reason does John Green argue that Northern (Union) victory was inevitable?

5. The Peninsula Campaign
Between 1862 and 1863, the Confederacy won many battles in the East and Lincoln had no luck finding a general that could best Joseph E. Johnston, Robert E. Lee, and Stonewall Jackson.

6. The Peninsula Campaign
Although the South won much of the early battles, it was not because the North was poorly trained.
Union general George B. McClellan trained his men well, but he was overly cautious and hesitated to send his men into battle, much to the chagrin of the President.

7. The Peninsula Campaign
McClellan did finally attack in 1862, launching an attack to take Richmond, Virginia.
Rather than take the city directly, he transported 100,000 men, 300 canons, and 25,000 animals by water to the peninsula between the York and James Rivers.
The Southeastern Peninsula of Virginia

8. The Peninsula Campaign
McClellan planned to take Richmond from the south-east.
The plan could have worked– if McClellan had not hesitated.
McClellan discussing war strategy with President Lincoln.

9. The Peninsula Campaign
Union and Confederate forces met in Yorktown, Virginia, in the first week of April, 1862.
Lincoln urged McClellan to attack, but the general refused, believing there were too many Confederate soldiers.
He was incorrect, as there was only a 13,000 Confederates to his 100,000 soldiers.

10. The Peninsula Campaign
McClellan wired Lincoln that he could only take Yorktown by siege.
As he waited, Confederate general Johnston gathered more troops.
When McClellan attacked, General Johnston and General John B. Magruder held on at Yorktown until the beginning of May.

11. The Peninsula Campaign
Just as McClellan was about to overrun the Confederate defenses, Johnston began a month-long retreat towards Richmond.
McClellan followed and on May 31, the two sides clashed at the Battle of Seven Pines.
The battle went poorly for the south and Johnston was seriously wounded. In his place, Robert E. Lee rose to take command and broke off fighting.

12. The Peninsula Campaign
While the Confederates were weakened, McClellan waited again. Lee did not.
Lee ordered a young soldier, James Stuart to gather information on enemy positions.
With Stuarts information, the combined forces of Lee and Jackson attacked the union army.
General McClellan

13. The Peninsula Campaign
In what became known as the Seven Days Campaign (June 25-July 1), the Union lost nearly 16,000 soldiers.
While the Confederates lost more soldiers– 20,000– the battle is considered a southern victory because McClellan retreated.

14. The Peninsula Campaign
President Lincoln was furious and frustrated and ordered McClellan back to Washington and put General John Pope in command.
His command would be short lived, as he and his men were defeated by Lee at the Second Battle of Bull Run near Richmond.
McClellan would once again command the eastern forces.

15. Antietam Robert E. Lee took the offensive in September of 1862.
Confederate diplomats believed the British might support them if they win a major victory on Union soil.
With this, Lee began crossing the Potomac into Maryland with 55,000 men.

16. Antietam
Union forces would lose track of the Confederate forces, until two Union soldiers discovered Lee’s plans.
Armed with this, McClellan and 75,000 troops met Lee at Antietam Creek.

17. Antietam
In the Battle of Antietam, the Confederates suffered 13,000 casualties, while the Union more than 12,000.
Although Antietam was not a clear-cut victory, Lee’s withdrawal was a major blow.
Lee’s defeat cost the South any European support that could’ve occurred.

18. Antietam
While the Union “won” Antietam, McClellan permanently lost his command as Lincoln frustrated that McClellan let the Confederate soldiers escape to Virginia.
General Ambrose E. Burnside, who replaced him, did not want the job. He questioned himself and his men’s loyalty.
Regardless, he moved boldly--- possibly too boldly.
Fun fact: the word “sideburns” comes from his name.

19. Fredericksburg
In December 11 and 12, 1862, Burnside sent some 114,000 men across the Rappahannock River near Fredericksburg, Virginia.
General Lee and some 75,000 soldiers controlled the hills near the town.
Believing Lee would not expect a frontal attack, Burnside ordered his men across the open plains and toward the hills.
Question: Why might this be a poor plan?

20. Fredericksburg
Lee took advantage of Burnside’s positioning, and used their high ground to pick off union soldiers.
The Union suffered more than 12,000 casualties in the Battle of Fredericksburg, while the Confederates only lost around 5,000.
A confederate description of the battle, “A chicken could not live on that field when he open [fire] on it.”

21. Frustrations
Frustrated, Lincoln transfered Burnside and gave command of the eastern forces to General Joseph Hooker.
Hooker was an opinionated man who openly questioned the President, but he was an effective general nonetheless.

22. Chancellorsville Hooker offered a bold plan to crush Lee’s forces.
He proposed to divide his army into three parts, cut off supply lines, and flank the Confederates.
The plan seemed workable.

23. Chancellorsville
By April 30, 1863, Hooker’s men took position near Chancellorsville, VA.
However, once again Lee stole the initiative of the Union army.
Lee divided his own troops and sent Stonewall Jackson to flank Hooker.

24. Chancellorsville
When Hooker saw the troop movements, he assumed the Confederates were retreating.
Instead, Lee and Jackson attacked Hooker from both sides.
After several days, Hooker withdrew in defeat and the morale of the North plummeted.

25. Chancellorsville However, the South paid heavily for this battle.
Stonewall Jackson was accidentally shot by his own men, who thought he was a Union soldier.
While he survived the shot itself, he ultimately died from pneumonia from later surgery.

26. Gettysburg
Following his victory at Chancellorsville, Lee decided to invade the North again.
This would spare Virginia from more war and would allow Lee to resupply and feed his troops--- by taking it from northerners.

27. Gettysburg
In 1863, Lee crossed into Pennsylvania with around 75,000 troops.
Lincoln urged Hooker to attack, but Hooker no longer felt the need to serve the Union.
He asked to be relieved of his command and was replaced by General George Meade.

28. Gettysburg
By the end of June, Confederates had massed near the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
When scouts reported that there were a supply a shoes in Gettysburg, Confederates organized a raiding party.
However, they did not know that were two Union brigades there.

29. Gettysburg
As the Confederates ran to the town, they were met with Union fire on July 1.
On the first day of the Battle of Gettysburg, the Confederates pushed the Union line back to Cemetery Ridge. The Confederates held a lower line a hills below the Union called Seminary Ridge.

30. Gettysburg
Lee, however, knew that the fighting was not over as long as the North held higher ground.
On July 2, Lee attacked the Union left, trying without success to capture the hill.
On the next day, he ordered 15,000 men under the command of George Pickett to rush the Union center on Cemetery Ridge. Only about half his soldiers made it back.

31. Gettysburg The loss of life at Gettysburg was staggering.
After three days of fighting, Union casualties numbered 23,000 while the Confederacy lost 20,000.
Although the Union was victorious, it once again failed to end the war when it had the chance.
Despite that, the battle did prove that the Union could defeat the Confederacy.

32. Gettysburg Address
In November 1863, Lincoln helped dedicate a cemetery at the Gettysburg battlefield.
Lincoln spoke for only a few minutes, but his address remains a classic statement of his ideals.
Remember, casualties is not just how many people died.
Required Reading: Gettysburg Address

33. Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. Abraham Lincoln November 19, 1863
Question: What is Lincoln talking about?

34. War in the West
While the victory for the Union was hard in the East, the western campaign was going far better under the lead of General Ulysses S. Grant.
Under the lead of General Ulysses S. Grant, the Union army entered Tennessee and captured two important forts. From there, Grant moved south to the Tennessee River and stopped at Shiloh Church near the Mississippi state line.

35. War in the West
Grant knew that Confederate Generals Albert Sidney Johnston and P.G.T. Beauregard were nearby.
He did not, however, expect an attack.
In April 6, 1862 (before Gettysburg), Grant’s soldiers were caught by surprise when the Confederacy attacked.

36. War in the West
The Confederacy forced Grant back and were confident of victory.
However, the day after the initial attack, Grant fired back.
At the Battle of Shiloh, Grant’s force subdued the Confederates and forced Beauregard to retreat.
General Grant

37. War in the West
The Union won and succeeded at killing General Johnston.
With this, the Union continued to gain control of the Mississippi River.
David Farragut, commander of a Union naval squadron, moved against New Orleans.

38. War in the West
In 1862, Union ships entered the mouth of the Mississippi.
Farragut and his forces took New Orleans by the end of April after facing off against two forts.
However, Grant knew that gaining full control of the river meant taking Vicksburg, Mississippi, where Confederates were holding the river.

39. War in the West
In May 1863, Grant hatched a risky plan to take the city.
His army marched deep into enemy territory and bottled the enemy force in Jackson, Mississippi and then followed them to Vicksburg, where he attacked.

40. War in the West
For six weeks, Grant’s army laid siege to the town while the Confederate army ran out of supplies.
Finally, in late June the Confederate soldiers pleaded with their commander to surrender.
“If you can’t feed us, you had better surrender, horrible as the idea is, than suffer this noble army to disgrace themselves by desertion.” – the letter to the Confederate Commander

41. War in the West
On July 3, 1863 (the same day Gettysburg ended), General Grant and Confederate General John Pemberton met to discuss the terms of surrender.
A few days later, Confederate forces in Port Hudson, Louisiana, fell.
Question: What does this mean for control of the Mississippi River by the Union? How do you think this will affect the war?

42. War in the West
With these victories, the Union now controlled the Mississippi River and cut off Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas from the rest of the Confederacy.
As well, the loss of the Mississippi made transporting goods far more difficult for the Confederacy.

43. The War Continues
As the war pushed on, the goals of the Union began to change as the North no longer saw the Civil War as a way of just uniting the nation.
Many began to see the war as a way to end slavery.

44. Shifting Beliefs
As the war continued, many northerners began to question whether or not the saving the Union without ending slavery was worth it.
Since the war was caused by slavery, many began to believe that the war can only end when slavery ends.

45. Shifting Beliefs
After fierce debate, Republicans pushed two acts through Congress in 1862:
One authorized African Americans to serve in the military
The other freed slaves held by Confederate soldiers or those who aided the Confederacy.

46. Shifting Beliefs
Some did criticize the President for not doing enough to end slavery.
Lincoln, however, responded with:
“My paramount object in the struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or destroy slavery.”
Question: Based on this quote, what do you feel is important to Lincoln at this time?

47. Shifting Beliefs
Privately, however, Lincoln was aware that slavery was too important to the southern war effort, as the Confederacy depended on slaves for their survival.
Lincoln hoped that if slaves heard the North is fighting to free them, they would run away and weaken the South’s economy.

48. Shifting Beliefs
Lincoln lacked the authority to simply abolish slavery.
However, Lincoln had the authority to institute military measures.
With this, in July 1862, Lincoln informed his cabinet that he was going to free all slaves in areas that are rebelling against them– i.e. not Union controlled states.
Keep in mind, a few border states still had slaves, but had not seceded from the Union.

49. Emancipation Proclamation
In this, Lincoln created the Emancipation Proclamation, which was at first kept secret until the Union won a major victory.
Their victory came in Antietam in 1862 and only a few days later, a preliminary draft of the proclamation would go into effect.

50. Emancipation Proclamation
While slavery wouldn’t be abolished for another three years, the institution of slavery was doomed.
Slaves who had heard that Union troops were nearby were inspired to leave their masters to join the army.

51. African American Soldiers
The Emancipation Proclamation and the act in 1862 encouraged African Americans to enlist. By August 1862, the first official black regiments were organized.
Some, such as Frederick Douglass, saw military service as an important step towards citizenship for African Americans.

52. African American Soldiers
Although the Union army accepted black soldiers, it did not offer them full equality.
For much of the war, black soldiers received less pay and white officers commanded every black regiment.
Despite that, African American soldiers impressed many and, by the end of the war, 20 African Americans would go on to win the Congressional Medal of Honor.

53. African American Soldiers
By the wars end, more than 166 all-black regiments fought in 449 engagements in the war.
As a whole, around 32,000 black people gave their lives for the Union.

54. New Leadership
The Emancipation Proclamation was one key to Union success.
The other was General Ulysses S. Grant.
Grant understood that the Union had advantages in terms of soldiers and supplies and used these to his advantage, such as forcing the Confederacy to fight until they run out of supplies.

55. New Leadership
Grant suggested to Lincoln that he fight a war of attrition– to continue fighting until the South ran out of men, supplies, and will.
With this in mind, Grant– who was now the commander of all the Union forces by 1864– moved 122,000 troops towards Chancellorsville, Virginia.
Ulysses S. Grant

56. New Leadership
For two days, Grant continued an onslaught on the Confederate rebels, but they held their ground.
Grant lost 18,000 men to the Confederacies 13,000 losses.
Question: Would it be in Grant’s best interest to retreat and resupply?

57. New Leadership Rather than rest, Grant continued on.
He swung his forces 10 miles to the South, forcing Lee to keep his weary men on the field.
Union losses were heavy, and one Confederate soldier remarked, “We have met a man this time, who either does not know when he is whipped, or who cares not if he loses his whole army.”

58. New Leadership
Grant continued South to attack Petersburg, Virginia, in mid-June.
Petersburg was a railroad hub and by capturing it, Grant hoped to cut off Richmond’s supplies.
However, Lee held on and after days, Grant called off the direct assault after losing 60,000 men.

59. New Leadership
However, Grant had achieved at least one part of his goal.
Lee’s army was dwindling, with no reserves available.
Soldiers in Petersburg

60. Sherman’s March
As Grant was working his way towards Richmond, general William Sherman– who had been made the commander of the Tennessee army by Grant– moved some 100,000 troops out of Tennessee and towards Atlanta, Georgia.
William Sherman

61. Sherman’s March
Sherman had quickly taken Atlanta as the Confederates fell back.
By taking this city, Sherman had cut the only Confederate railroad link across the Appalachians.
To secure his control, he evacuated and then burned a significant portion of the city.

62. Sherman’s March
The fall of Atlanta gave a significant boost to Lincoln’s reelection campaign.
Republicans were upset that the war took so long, but Sherman’s victory gave many hope the war would soon end.
In 1864, Lincoln defeated Democrat George McClellan.
Because the war was not going so well, Lincoln actually had a tough time winning this election. However, the victory at Atlanta showed many Northern voters that the Union could still land heavy blows against the Confederacy.

63. Sherman’s March
After the burning of Atlanta, Sherman moved towards Savannah, Georgia and sieged the city’s supplies and destroyed anything that might be useful to the Confederates.
Sherman believed that the only way to defeat the South was to destroy their economic resources.
His actions would leave a deep scar across all the South.

64. Sherman’s March
By late 1864, Sherman resupplied at Savannah and, by early 1865, he and his men turned north to link up with Grant and fight the final battle.
An image of Sherman’s march, showing his destruction of Southern resources.

65. Appomattox
As Sherman’s army moved north through the Carolinas, Grant’s troops hammered at the doors of Richmond.
While Grant moved forward, General Lee withdrew from Richmond and Union troops took the Confederate capital.

66. Appomattox
Lee had hoped that he could secure more troops by traveling westward, but was blocked off by Grant.
With his once-army reduced to 30,000 men– many who no longer had shoes– Lee asked for terms of surrender.

67. Appomattox
Grant and Lee met in a house in the tiny village of Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865.
The terms of surrender were simple:
Confederates could keep their sidearms and horses.
Confederate officers would be fed and allowed to go home.
Before they even began to discuss the surrender, Lee and Grant actually discussed their Mexican War days. It took some time before they returned to the business at hand.

68. Appomattox
Question: Why do you think the terms of surrender were so lenient?
While the terms of surrender were simple, they actually had a larger reaching effect.
Once Richmond fell, and once many Confederates heard that Lee surrendered, most soldiers stopped fighting.
The terms of surrender were designed so that the Confederate soldiers would not want to rebel anymore.
“Let all the men who claim to own a horse or mule take the animals home with them to work on their little farms.”– Grant
“This will do much toward [uniting] our people.” --- Lee

69. Consequences
While the war was over, the consequences of the war were immense.
No other war on American soil ended with as many casualties as the Civil War, with 360,000 Union soldiers and 258,000 Confederate soldiers dying.
Military Deaths in American Wars

70. Consequences Loss of life was not the only consequence.
The war devastated the South’s economy. Many African Americans– who were suddenly free– had an uncertain future without work.
As well, tens of thousands of whites were homeless and jobless.
Question: How do you think this war affected the South’s economy?

71. Consequences
However, the North experienced many positive economic outcomes of the war.
Agriculture and industry had expanded during the war to meet the needs of the military.

72. Consequences
As well, northern enterprises of steel, petroleum, food processing, manufacturing, and finance continued to expand after the war.

73. Consequences
However, one of the most important consequences of the war was that it finally resolved the issue of slavery.
Never again would the U.S. government sanction the use of slaved peoples.
But aside from the removal of slavery, the war also made the Republican party the dominant political force of the time.

74. Reconstruction
While the war ended, the U.S. was still on a long path towards being united yet again.
This path would require the North and South to mutually work together again.

75. Closure
After watching the following video, consider this question in your notebook:
How do you think the Civil War affected us as a nation? What changed? How does it affect us today?

76. Review Objectives
Compare how the North and South fared in the eastern campaigns
Explain how the battles of Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg affected northern morale
Analyze how the North achieved its goal of controlling the Mississippi River
Analyze how and why the Union’s war aims changed
Explain why the Emancipation Proclamation applies only to slaves living in areas of rebellion against the U.S.
Describe the strategies Grant and Sherman employed to win the war.
Identify some consequences of the war

77. Questions
If you have any questions, please ask now.

78. Next lesson
In the next lesson, we will begin discussing the Reconstruction Era of the South.

79. Review
As a class, we are going to create a “Cause and Effect” map for the Civil War. The class will be given a cause or effect of the Civil War.
As teams, you’re going to research about either your assigned cause or effect and write out– in no less than 3 paragraphs– information about how your topic caused the Civil War or changed following the Civil War. Your team is then going to take what you written and put it into a digital document with at least 1 picture to accompany it.
Every person who is part of the team must participate.

80. Review topics: Causes: Effects Slavery & States’ Rights
John Browns Raid
The Election of Abraham Lincoln
Missouri Compromise and Dred Scott
The Fall of Fort Sumter
Effects
Abolishment of Slavery
Change in U.S. economy
Revitalization of Women’s Rights
Change in the National Government
Change in the State government