1. Spice
Chapter 16

2. Social Family & kinship – Villages, Families, Serfdom and Nobles.
• Gender Roles & Relations - Women’s status tied closely to their husband.
• Social & Economic Classes - Bourgeoisie parents great emphasis on education and promoted the establishment of schools.
• Racial & ethnic constructions – African slaves contributed greatly to Europe’s economy.
Inequalities - Most schools, professions, and guilds barred women.
• Life Styles - Serfdom disappeared in Western Europe, but gained new prominence in Eastern Europe. Peasants,
Urban poor consisted of “deserving poor” and “unworthy poor.”

3. Political
Leaders, Elites - Partnerships between merchants and monarchs, Henry VIII, Phillip of Spain
Political structures & Forms of Government - Nations & Nationalism - Rulers of Spain, England, and France began to pursue own efforts at political unification.
Revolts & Revolutions - The English King James II (1633 – 1701) refused to respect Parliament’s rights and was forced into exile in the bloodless Glorious Revolution of Phillip received Spain able to form coalition that defeated Ottomans at gates of Vienna. Lutheran German princes rebelled against French-speaking Catholic Charles, seized church lands and gave rise to German Wars of Religion
Wars, Diplomacy, & Treaties - English Civil War, Spanish War, emergence of Russia after the Great Northern War, Spanish Armada which signaled an end to Spain’s military dominance in Europe.
Courts & Laws - The English Bill of Rights

4. Interaction Interaction (between humans and environment)
Demography & Disease Young people of the Bourgeoisie married late to finish education led to independence from parents and a low birth rate.
Patterns of settlement
Migration
Technology - the printing press, the marine compass, and cannonry

5. Culture Religions - Catholicism , Church of England, Islam, Judaism.
Belief systems, philosophies, & ideologies - Calvinism
Martin Luther who initiated the Protestant Reformation Theology
Math, science & technology Galileo Galilei ( ) was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. Sir Isaac Newton (1643 – 1727) was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and theologian who is considered to be one of the most influential people in human history.
The arts & architecture - Montesquieu ( ), was a French Enlightenment social commentator and political thinker who was famous for his articulation of the theory of separation of powers. St. Peter's Basilica has the largest interior of any Christian church in the world.
Writing & literature Europe had finally caught up to the Muslim world and had benefitted from the spread of knowledge and the Muslims refused to let documents be printed in Europe.

6. Economic
Type of System - England used it naval power for overseas trade. French government used tariffs to promote domestic industries. Spanish manufacturing. Netherlands favored craftsmen and manufacturing. Amsterdam finance and shipping.
Labor Systems – Slaves, Serfs, Middle-class.
Technology & Industry - cannon and four-wheel cannon carriages, naval development, Military revolution in which cannon, muskets
Trade & Commerce – Overseas trade, improved transportation network.
Capital/Money - Tax collection, protective tariffs, tax the land of nobles, direct tax collection and secure low-cost loans.
Types of Businesses – Banks, manufacturing, shipping.