1. Renewable Energy: Technology Requirements for India’s NDC
Renewable Energy: Technology Requirements for India’s NDC
Sustainable Lifestyle = Positive Climate Action

2. India’s RE Commitments
India’s RE Commitments
By 2022: GW from RE
By 2030: 40% capacity from non-fossil sources
RE – 300 GW

3. Indian Power Sector – RE
Indian Power Sector – RE
2016
2030
Wind
27 GW
80 – 100 GW
Solar
8 GW
120 – 140 GW
Biomass
5 GW
30 GW
Resource Potential?
Cost?
Land?
Technologies?

4. RE – Intermittent Generation
RE – Intermittent Generation
Seasonal Wind Generation (hourly variation)
Seasonal Solar Generation (hourly variation)
50 MW Plant, Ahmedabad, India

5. Outline: Technologies for RE :
Outline:
Technologies for RE :
Identify critical components
Supply chain: Make or Buy?
Emerging technology options
Technologies for supporting infrastructure:
Energy storage
Grid integration

6.
Solar PV

7. Solar Technology Options
Solar Technology Options
80-90% capacity from Crystalline Silicon (c-Si)
Rest from Solar Thermal and other PV options.
Rs./kWh
Sources include KPMG, MNRE, CERC, KERC, KREDL and BESCOM

8. Supply Chain – Si-based PV
Supply Chain – Si-based PV
M-grade Silicon
Solar-grade Polysilicon
Ingots
Wafers
Cell
PV Module
Should India indigenise solar grade polysilicon?
Is cell/module manufacturing capacity adequate?

9. India’s Polysilicon Requirements
India’s Polysilicon Requirements
Currently ~ 2% of global production of polysillicon.
Needs approx. 5,00,000 ton (cumulative, ).
~20-25% of future global demand.
Global production capacity: 3,80,000 ton per annum.

10. Volatility in Polysilicon Prices
Volatility in Polysilicon Prices

11. Economics of Indigenous Manufacturing
Economics of Indigenous Manufacturing
Polysilicon manufacturing cost in US & India
Capacity- 5,000 TPA
~1 GW c-Si modules
Capex- INR 1,800 crore
(1) Case for at least limited indigenous manufacture.
(2) Policy support needed.
Source: CSTEP study conducted under Solar Energy Research Institute for India and the United States (SERIIUS)

12. Emerging PV Options INDIA@COP22 Must invest in R&D in emerging options
Source :

13.
Solar Thermal

14. Solar Thermal: Economics
Solar Thermal: Economics
Source: CSTEP Solar Technologies Economics Model (CSTEM)

15. Cost Break-up of a CSP Plant
Cost Break-up of a CSP Plant
Difficult to get further cost reduction
Source: CSTEP Solar Technologies Economics Model (CSTEM)

16. Deployment Status in India
Solar Thermal – Critical Components
Technology
Components
Deployment Status in India
Parabolic Trough
Mirrors
Mostly imported
Evacuated Receiver Tubes
Imported
Support Structures
Manufactured in India
Steam turbine (for CSP)
Thermal energy storage
Storage media
(Molten salts)
Still in R&D stage
Premature to establish indigenous supply chain

17.
Wind

18. Wind Technology Critical Components: Blade, Tower, Gearbox, Generator,
Wind Technology
Critical Components:
Blade,
Tower,
Gearbox,
Generator,
Bearings,
Hub & Main shaft

19. Wind Industry: Supply Chain
Wind Industry: Supply Chain
Well established supply chain:
Developers, OEM, Tier 1 Suppliers, Tier 2 Suppliers
Manufacturing capacity of ~ 12 GW of Wind Turbine Generators (WTG) per annum
50 – 80% indigenization achieved
Opportunity for India to develop as export hub for WTG

20. Supply Chain - INDIA@COP22 Component Challenges Make or Buy ? Blades
Several indigenous manufacturers
But, import > 50% raw material
Use infusion process (less efficient than prepeg)
Limited aerodynamic R&D and testing
Make
Tower
Indigenously available ( %)
Import S 355 Grade Steel – Large turbines
Energy intensive (15% of energy)
Lack of sophisticated welding technologies
Source: Addressing the Challenges of RE Manufacturing in India: Horizon 2032, CSTEP & WISE

21. Supply Chain - INDIA@COP22 Component Challenges Make or Buy ? Gearbox
Highly energy intensive (47% of energy in WTG)
No indigenous manufacturer (cost)
Moderate availability of high grade carburised steel
Limited large scale casting and forging facilities
Gradual move to gearless turbines
Make and Buy
Bearing
Large bearings - Mostly imported
Wind industry contributes minor demand
Limited availability of hardened Cr-steel (100 Cr6) or CrMo steel (100 CrMo7-3)
Buy
Source: Addressing the Challenges of RE Manufacturing in India: Horizon 2032, CSTEP & WISE

22. Supply Chain - INDIA@COP22 Component Challenges Make or Buy ?
Generator
Indigenous manufacturers available
Rare Earths (Neodymium & Dysprosium) not available
Annealed Copper Strips – Limited vendor base
Highly energy intensive (25% of energy)
Make and Buy
Hub and Shaft
Lack of large casting and forging facilities
Need to upscale small scale technologies
Make
Source: Addressing the Challenges of RE Manufacturing in India: Horizon 2032, CSTEP & WISE

23.
Biomass

24. Biomass Technologies INDIA@COP22
Well developed indigenous technologies
Biomass gasifiers (kW to MW)
Multiple feedstock
Reciprocating engines (gas and diesel)
Main issue is biomass availability and price
India can export to other countries

25. Technologies for Supporting Infrastructure
Technologies for Supporting Infrastructure

26. Energy Storage Requirements
Energy Storage Requirements
Rural Electrification 2 GWh
Urban Solar PV Roof Top 70 GWh
Grid Level Storage (MW) 300 GWh
Telecom Towers GWh
Source: CSTEP Study in SERIIUS

27. Storage Technologies for the Grid
Storage Technologies for the Grid
1kw kw kw MW MW MW GW
Seconds Minutes Hours
Storage Capacity
Release Time
Pumped Hydro
Compressed Air
Flow batteries
Li-ion battery
Lead-acid battery
High-power Supercap
High-Energy Supercap
SMES
Na-S
Energy Management
Power Quality
Grid Support

28. Cell assembly, Module, Pack
Technology
Process
Import
Indigenization
Almost none
Most of the components
cell
Cell assembly, Module, Pack
Vanadium
Pure
lead
Lead paste
Grid
Plates
Advanced Lead
Acid battery
Filling
acid
Charging
Assembly
Separators
Terminals
Container
Testing
Packing .
Module
Pack
Cell
assembly
Cathode
Al-foil
Separator
Anode
Cu-foil
cell
Lithium ion
battery + _
V2+
/V3+
DC Power
Negative
electrode
Positive
Pump
Ion-exchange
membrane
VO2+
/VO2+
Vanadium redox-
flow battery

29. Grid Integration Aspects
Grid Integration Aspects
Technology
Devices
Status in India
Power Electronic Devices
Inverters and Power Conditioning Units
Well established,
mostly imported
FACTS and D-FACTS
Upcoming, mostly imported
Smart meters
Monitoring demand / consumption
presence of domestic manufacturing
Reactive power management systems
Series and shunt compensation elements
Well established, small presence of domestic manufacturing
Wide Area Monitoring Systems
Phasor Measurement Units
Mostly imported

30.
Thank You