1. Splash Screen

2. Section 1: What Is Research?
Chapter Introduction
Section 1: What Is Research?
Section 2: Problems and Solutions in Research
Section 3: Statistical Evaluation
Chapter Menu

3. Chapter Objectives · Section 1
What Is Research?
Describe the process in which psychologists approach a research issue and conduct the research to test a hypothesis, solve a problem, or confirm previous research.
Chapter Preview 1

4. Chapter Objectives · Section 2
Problems and Solutions in Research
Discuss how psychologists must recognize and resolve errors as they conduct research.
Chapter Preview 2

5. Chapter Objectives · Section 3
Statistical Evaluation
Recognize that psychologists must collect and evaluate evidence to support their hypotheses.
Chapter Preview 3

6. Chapter Preview-End

7. Main Idea
Psychologists must first decide how to approach the research issue. Then psychologists conduct the research in one of a variety of ways to test a hypothesis, solve a problem, or confirm previous findings.
Section 1-Main Idea

8. Vocabulary sample naturalistic observation case study survey
longitudinal study
cross-sectional study
correlation
hypothesis
variable
experimental group
control group
Section 1-Key Terms

9. Objectives
Describe the process of psychological research and the scientific method.
Name the different types of psychological research.
Section 1-Objectives

10. Section 1-Polling Question
Which of the following do you think is the best method of research?
A. naturalistic observation
B. case study
C. survey
D. longitudinal study A B C D
Section 1-Polling Question

11. Pre-Research Decisions
Researchers begin by asking a specific question about a limited topic or hypothesis.
Then they collect evidence.
A sample is a relatively small group of the total population under study.
A sample must be representative.
Section 1

12. Pre-Research Decisions (cont.)
Ways to avoid a nonrepresentative sample:
Take a purely random sample.
Deliberately pick individuals who represent the various subgroups in the population being studied, also known as a stratified sample.
Jane Goodall
Section 1

13. Which of the following should a psychologist avoid using?
A. random sample
B. nonrepresentative sample
C. stratified sample
D. representative sample A B C D
Section 1

14. Methods of Research The goals of research are to: Describe behavior
Explain its causes
Predict the circumstances under which certain behaviors may occur again
To control certain behaviors
Section 1

15. Methods of Research (cont.)
Methods of research used to accomplish these goals:
Naturalistic observations
Case studies
Surveys
Longitudinal Studies
Cross-Sectional Studies
Correlations
Experiments
A Correlation Study
Section 1

16. Methods of Research (cont.)
Every experiment has:
hypothesis
variables (independent and dependent)
experimental group
control group
Experimental Research
Section 1

17. Methods of Research (cont.)
Ethics are the methods of conduct, or standards, for proper and responsible behavior.
The APA has a list of ethical principles that psychologists must follow.
Section 1

18. What is the importance of a control group?
A. It exhibits change during an experiment.
B. It affects the results in the experimental group.
C. It allows for a comparison to identify changes in the experimental group.
D. None of the above. A B C D
Section 1

19. Section 1-End

20. Main Idea
The investigation of psychological issues is a painstaking process. Psychologists must recognize and resolve errors while doing research.
Section 2-Main Idea

21. Vocabulary self-fulfilling prophecy single-blind experiment
double-blind experiment
placebo effect
Section 2-Key Terms

22. Objectives Summarize the methodological hazards of doing research.
Examine experimental procedures psychologists use to avoid bias.
Section 2-Objectives

23. Section 2-Polling Question
Do you think that expectations of behavior affect actual behavior?
A. Yes
B. No A B
Section 2-Polling Question

24. Problems and Solutions in Research
A self-fulfilling prophecy is a situation in which a researcher’s expectations influence that person’s own behavior, and thereby influence the participant’s behavior.
Section 2

25. Avoiding a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Ways to avoid self-fulfilling prophecy:
Single-blind experiment
Double-blind experiment
Single-Blind and Double-Blind Experiments
Section 2

26. Do you agree or disagree that humans often have preconceived notions about what will happen in a situation?
A. Agree
B. Disagree
C. Not sure A B C
Section 2

27. The Milgram Experiment
In the 1960s, Stanley Miligram wanted to determine whether participants would administer painful shocks to others merely because an authority figure had instructed them to do so.
The result implied that ordinary individuals could easily inflict pain on others if such orders were issued by a respected authority.
Section 2

28. The Milgram Experiment (cont.)
His experiment, although no one was actually shocked, was controversial.
Today, experiments are required to submit a plan to a Human Subjects Committee.
Section 2

29. Do you believe that Miligram’s decision to use volunteers as he did was ethical or unethical?
A. Ethical
B. Unethical
C. Not sure A B C
Section 2

30. The Placebo Effect
The placebo effect is a change in a participant’s illness or behavior that results from a belief that the treatment will have an effect rather than from the actual treatment.
Section 2

31. Do you think that is ethical to use a placebo in an experiment? A. Yes
B. No
C. Not sure A B C
Section 2

32. Section 2-End

33. Main Idea
Psychologists must collect and evaluate evidence to support their hypotheses.
Section 3-Main Idea

34. Vocabulary statistics descriptive statistics frequency distribution
normal curve
central tendency
variability
standard deviation
correlation coefficient
inferential statistics
Section 3-Key Terms

35. Objectives Recognize types of descriptive statistics.
Describe inferential statistics.
Section 3-Objectives

36. Section 3-Polling Question
In your opinion, in which way are statistics more likely to be used?
A. To distort the truth
B. To honestly to support a hypotheses A B
Section 3-Polling Question

37. Statistical Evaluation
Statistics consist of the branch of mathematics concerned with summarizing and making meaningful inferences from collections of data.
Kate’s Data
Section 3

38. Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics involve the listing and summarizing of data in a practical, efficient way.
One of the first steps that researchers take to organize their data is to create frequency tables and graphs.
Section 3

39. Descriptive Statistics (cont.)
A frequency distribution is a way of arranging data so that we know how often a particular score or observation occurs.
A Frequency Distribution
Section 3

40. Descriptive Statistics (cont.)
Types of graphs:
Histogram
Frequency polygon/frequency curve
A Frequency Polygon
Section 3

41. Descriptive Statistics (cont.)
A normal curve is a graph of frequency distribution shaped like a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve.
A Normal Curve
Section 3

42. Descriptive Statistics (cont.)
A common way of summarizing is to measure the central tendency.
Distributions also differ in their variability.
Measure of Central Tendency
Section 3

43. Descriptive Statistics (cont.)
Two commonly used measures of variability are:
Range
Standard deviation
Standard Deviation
Section 3

44. Descriptive Statistics (cont.)
Standard devaiation is a better measure because it uses all of the data points.
A correlation coefficient describes the direction and strength of the relationship between two sets of observations.
The most commonly used measure is the Pearson correlation coefficient (r).
Section 3

45. Descriptive Statistics (cont.)
A coefficient with a plus sign (+) indicates a positive correlation.
A coefficient with a minus sign (–) indicates a negative coefficient.
A scatterplot is a graph of scores that demonstrates the direction of the relationship between two variables.
A Scatterplot
Section 3

46. In relation to class test scores, which of the following do you think is more descriptive?
A. An average of 84
B. A median of 85
C. A mode of 79 A B C
Section 3

47. Inferential Statistics
Psychologists also want to make generalizations about the population from which the participants come, so they use inferential statistics.
Inferential statistics are numerical methods used to determine whether research data support a hypothesis or whether results were due to change.
Section 3

48. Inferential Statistics (cont.)
Researchers must perform a variety of statistical tests, called measures of statistical significance, to determine that their results are not due to chance.
For many traits in a large population, the frequency distribution follows the normal curve.
Section 3

49. Inferential Statistics (cont.)
Many researchers say that if the probability that their results were due to chance is less than 5%, they do not think the results were due to chance.
The results would then be considered statistically significant.
Section 3

50. A statistically significant result always represents an important finding.
A. True
B. False A B
Section 3

51. Section 3-End

52. A Correlation Study
These charts display possible correlations between different variables.
Figure 1

53. Experimental Research
Psychology is an experimental science. Psychologists follow the same general procedures when conducting experimental research.
Figure 2

54. Single-Blind and Double-Blind Experiments
Researcher’s must take measures during experimentation to guard against seeing only what they expect to see.
Figure 3

55. Kate’s Data
Kate’s data show the number of hours of television watched before and after the quiz, the grade on the quiz, the number of products recognized, and participants’ height in inches.
* Highest grade possible is 10.
Figure 4

56. A Frequency Distribution
A frequency distribution shows how often a particular observation occurs.
Figure 5

57. A Frequency Polygon
This graph shows the number of hours of TV watched the night before the quiz and the night after the quiz.
Figure 6

58. A Normal Curve
The maximum frequency lies in the center of a range of scores in a perfect normal curve. The frequency tapers off as you reach the edges of the two sides.
Figure 7

59. Measures of Central Tendency
It is often useful to summarize a set of scores by identifying a number that represents the center, average, or most frequently occurring number of the distribution.
Figure 8

60. Standard Deviation
Two distributions with the same mean and different standard deviations are shown.
Figure 9

61. A Scatterplot
When there is little or no relationship between two variables, the points in the scatterplot do not seem to fall into any pattern.
Figure 10

62. Jane Goodall 1934–
“Every individual matters. Every individual has a role to play. Every individual makes a difference.”
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69. sample: the small group of participants, out of the total number available, that a researcher studies
Vocab1

70. naturalistic observation: research method in which the psychologist observes the subject in a natural setting without interfering
Vocab2

71. case study: research method that involves an intensive investigation of one or more participants
Vocab3

72. survey: research method in which information is obtained by asking many individuals a fixed set of questions
Vocab4

73. longitudinal study: research method in which data are collected about a group of participants over a number of years to assess how certain characteristics change or remain the same during development
Vocab5

74. cross-sectional study: research method in which data are collected from groups of participants of different ages and compared so that conclusions can be drawn about differences due to age
Vocab6

75. correlation: the measure of a relationship between two variables or sets of data
Vocab7

76. hypothesis: an educated guess about the relationship between two variables
Vocab8

77. variable: any factor that is capable of change
Vocab9

78. experimental group: the group to which an independent variable is applied
Vocab10

79. control group: the group that is treated in the same way as the experimental group except that the experimental treatment (the independent variable) is not applied
Vocab11

80. self-fulfilling prophecy: a situation in which a researcher’s expectations influence that person’s own behavior, and thereby influence the participant’s behavior
Vocab12

81. single-blind experiment: an experiment in which the participants are unaware of which participants received the treatment
Vocab13

82. double-blind experiment: an experiment in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know which participants received which treatment
Vocab14

83. placebo effect: a change in a participant’s illness or behavior that results from a belief that the treatment will have an effect rather than from the actual treatment
Vocab15

84. statistics: the branch of mathematics concerned with summarizing and making meaningful inferences from collections of data
Vocab16

85. descriptive statistics: the listing and summarizing of data in a practical, efficient way
Vocab17

86. frequency distribution: an arrangement of data that indicates how often a particular score or observation occurs
Vocab18

87. normal curve: a graph of frequency distribution shaped like a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve; a graph of normally distributed data
Vocab19

88. central tendency: a number that describes something about the “average” score of a distribution
Vocab20

89. variability: a measure of difference, or spread of data
Vocab21

90. standard deviation: a measure of variability that describes an average distance of every score from the mean
Vocab22

91. correlation coefficient: describes the direction and strength of the relationship between two sets of variables
Vocab23

92. inferential statistics: numerical methods used to determine whether research data support a hypothesis or whether results were due to chance
Vocab24

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