1. Alternative Transportation
Joe Welke

2. What does “alternative transportation” consist of?
Limited emissions
Sustainable use of renewable resources
Minimum use of non-renewable resources
Protection of public health and environmental quality

3. Transportation and Climate Change
U.S. Transportation sector emits 1.6 trillion tons CO2 annually
CO2 emissions from transportation growing 20% faster than rate of all sources
Emitter of other GHG’s:
Nitrogen oxides
Methane

6. What makes current transportation system otherwise unfavorable?
Endless expansion of road networks impossible
Additional air pollution besides GHG’s
Dangers and social costs of automobiles
Social inequities
Encourages sedentary lifestyle that has been linked to health problems

7. http://www1. eere. energy. gov/vehiclesandfuels/images/facts/fotw464

8. http://www1. eere. energy. gov/vehiclesandfuels/images/facts/fotw464

9. How can cycling and walking improve our transportation system?
Near zero emission operation!
Ideal for short trips that automobiles are especially inefficient at performing
Associated infrastructure has far smaller footprint
Encourages physical and mental health
Wide-range economic availability
Historical precedence

10. So why don’t people bike and walk more?
Perception of danger
Long travel distances (relative to Europe and Canada)
Lack of infrastructure
Social stigma
Owning and operating an automobile is relatively inexpensive

14. Travel Demand Management (TDM): A Vehicle for Implementing Sustainable Transport?
Four basic TDM measures:
Physical
Legal
Economic
Information and Education

21. Average length of work trips in American and Canadian Metropolitan
areas, 2000/2001 (median trip distance). Sources: U.S. Department of
Transportation (2003); Statistics Canada (2003).

23. “When I see an adult on a bicycle I do not despair for the future of the human race.“
-- H.G. Wells

24. References
Benfield, F. and M. Repogle, The Roads More Traveled: Sustainable
Transportation in America – Or Not. Environmental Law Review, 32: 10,633-
10,647.
Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. Department of Transportation National
Transportation Statistics. Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation.
Creating cities like Amsterdam requires bikes, infrastructure Bicycle Retailer & Industry News, 15(6):
Cao, Xinyu, Patricia L. Mokhtarian, and Susan L. Handy Do changes in neighborhood characteristics lead to changes in travel behavior? A structural equations modeling approach. Transportation, 34:
Department of Transportation, Fatality Analysis Reporting System. Retrieved March 31, 2008, from
Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Review. Retrieved March 31, 2008, from
Fillis, Danielle M Barriers to bicycle infrastructure: Why do some communities put the brakes on sustainable transport? ProQuest Dissertations and Theses 0999, no. 0234: 95-p.
Garling, Tommy, Cecilia Jakobson and Peter Loukopolous, Adaptation of private car use in response to travel demand management measures: Potential roles of intelligent transportation systems. Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems, 8(4):
Garling, Tommy, Geertje Schuitema Travel demand management targeting reduced private car use: Effectiveness, public acceptability and political feasibility. The Journal of Social Issues, 63(1):
Greene, D.L., and Wegener, M., Sustainable Transport. Journal of Transport Geography, 5:
Knoflacher, Hermann, A new way to organize parking: The key to a successful sustainable transport system for the future. Environment and Urbanization, 18(2):
Loukopoulos, Peter, Car-user responses to travel demand management measures: Goal setting and choice of adaptation alternatives. Transportation Research: Part D 9, (4):
Pucher, John, and Ralph Buehler, Why Canadians cycle more than Americans: A comparative analysis of bicycling trends and policies. Transport Policy, 13:
Pucher, John, and Ralph Buehler, Sustainable transport in Canadian cities: Cycling trends and policies. Berkeley Planning Journal, 19:
Pucher, J. and Dijkstra, L., Promoting Safe Walking and Cycling to Improve Public Health. American Journal of Public Health, 93(9):
Toor, Will, The road less traveled: Sustainable transportation for campuses. Planning for Higher Education, 31(3):
White, DD, An interpretive study of Yosemite National Park visitors' perspectives toward alternative transportation in Yosemite Valley. Environmental Management, 39(1):
Whitelegg, J., Traffic and Health. Environmental Epidemiology Research Unit, University of Lancaster.