1. Biology EOC Practice Test Review
Mr. Perez

2. All living things are made of cells.
REMEMBER: 14.1 Cell Theory
Cell Theory states:
All living things are made of cells. 
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. 
Living cells come only from other living cells. B

3. REMEMBER: 14.36 Cardiovascular System
During exercise, muscles need a lot of oxygen. How does it get there? THROUGH THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM!
The blood vessels in the muscle will dilate (become wider) to make sure lots of blood flows through in order to get as much oxygen as possible! A

4. REMEMBER: 14.3 Cell Structure
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotic cells do! D

5. Cerebellum (baby brain) is located in the BACK of the brain.
REMEMBER: The Brain
Cerebellum (baby brain) is located in the BACK of the brain. A

6. REMEMBER: 15.13 Natural SelectionD
REMEMBER: Natural Selection
According to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, MUTATIONS cause organisms to be different from one another (VARIATIONS). Sometimes, these variations are advantageous and allow them to outlive others and pass on their adaptation to the next generation (SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST)

7. REMEMBER: 14.1 Cell Theory
A theory is the best explanation, so far, as to how the world works. When NEW evidence is found that goes against a theory, it is possible to change it. Keep in mind cell theory. A

8. REMEMBER: 14.36 Cardiovascular System
The higher the pressure in your arteries, the faster the blood will flow throughout your body.
Viscosity is how thick a liquid is– the higher the viscosity, the slower it will flow (Think of syrup or honey) C

9. All living things are made of cells.
REMEMBER: 14.1 Cell Theory
Cell Theory states:
All living things are made of cells. 
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. 
Living cells come only from other living cells. A

10. Cerebellum (baby brain) is located in the BACK of the brain.
REMEMBER: The Brain
Cerebellum (baby brain) is located in the BACK of the brain. D

11. REMEMBER: 14.36 Cardiovascular System
If you have a lot of blood in your arteries/veins, the blood pressure will increase. Think about blowing air into a balloon, the more air you put into the balloon (larger volume) the more pressure is exerted on the walls of the balloon. If the pressure gets too high, the balloon pops! C

12. REMEMBER: 14.3 Cell Structure
The job of the nucleus is the “brain” or control center of the cell. It contains DNA (genetic material) that contains the blueprint for life. This DNA is transcribed into RNA (nucleus) and then translated into proteins (cytoplasm). B

13. REMEMBER: 14.7 Plant Structure
Transpiration is the loss of WATER. Xylem is involved in the transport of water throughout the plant. Phloem transports food throughout the plant, which has nothing to do with transpiration. Roots are responsible for absorbing water AND nutrients. C

14. The PONS and MEDULLA OBLONGOTTA make up the brain stem.
REMEMBER: The Brain
The PONS and MEDULLA OBLONGOTTA make up the brain stem. D

15. REMEMBER: 14.3 Cell Structure
The Golgi apparatus or Golgi body is known as the “gift wrapper”. It packages, sorts and modifies proteins before sending them out where they need to go.

16. REMEMBER: 14.52 Immune System
Arthritis is inflammation and stiffening of joints. An anti-inflammatory would help reduce inflammation. A

17. REMEMBER: 14.7 Plant Structure
Photosynthesis occurs in the leaves of a plant. Photosynthesis is the conversion of water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight energy into sugars (carbohydrates) and oxygen. C

18. REMEMBER: 14.52 Immune System
AntiBIOtics are useful against living things, such as bacteria (bacterial infections). Viruses are not alive, therefore antibiotics would be ineffective. B

19. REMEMBER: 15.13 Natural Selection
Biodiversity is the existence of many different genes in an ecosystem. This is helpful because if a disease affects one organism, and all organisms are identical, then the entire population will be wiped out. However, if there are resistances to a disease, that organism will survive and reproduce allowing the species to survive. C

20. REMEMBER: 14.52 Immune System
Nonspecific responses include the first and second lines of defense (skin & inflammatory response). These responses are quick and instant. Specific responses exist in the third line of defense (immune response). This response involves T and B cells, as well as antigens and antibodies. C

21. REMEMBER: 15.1 Evolution
A vestigial structure is a structure an organism contains but does not need anymore. According to fossil evidence, whales evolved from land-dwelling mammals (four legged organisms). As they began to live in the sea, their back legs reduced and there was no need for back legs anymore. The hip remained, however. A

22. REMEMBER: 15.13 Natural Selection
Meiosis results in 4 different haploid sex cells. This is because of independent assortment, or the principle, originated by Gregor Mendel, stating that when two or more characteristics are inherited, individual hereditary factors assort independently during gamete production, giving different traits an equal opportunity of occurring together. Also called Mendel's second law, Mendel's law. D

23. REMEMBER: 14.7 Plant Structure
Fruits are used by plants to attract animals to them. Although it is true that fruits also protect the seeds, if the fruit falls it’s closer to the ground! Animals help to spread the seeds away from the mother plant. B

24. REMEMBER: 15.8 Origin of Life
Anaerobic means WITHOUT oxygen. Aerobic means WITH oxygen. Photosynthesis is the intake of sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to create glucose and oxygen. Heterotrophic describes an organism that cannot make its own food. Eukaryotic describes an organism with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles (animals, plants, fungi, protista). Unicellular means made of one cell. B

25. REMEMBER: 15.1 Evolution
Embryology is the study of an organism’s development. Because embryos of different species all look very similar to each other in early stages of development, scientist concluded that they must all come from a common ancestor. C

26. REMEMBER: 15.6 Classification A

27. REMEMBER: 15.1 Evolution
Hair and skin are very difficult to fossilize, so it wouldn’t be an OBSERVABLE trend. A

28. REMEMBER: 15.6 Classification
DNA is a much more important clue towards evolutionary history than environment. C

29. REMEMBER: 16.10 BiotechnologyA
REMEMBER: Biotechnology
Some diseases, such as cancer, can be inherited from your parents. It is true that environmental factors also affect gene expression, but in this case is not the reason why Sandra should be concerned since her mother died from cancer.

30. REMEMBER: 16.13 Reproductive System
Uterus = zygote implantation
OVARIES = egg formation
Fallopian tubes = best place for fertilization to take place
Cervix = passage from uterus to vagina C

31. REMEMBER: 15.8 Origin of Life
Miller-Urey created amino acids out of compounds found in Early earth’s atmosphere. Amino acids are a type of organic compound (building blocks of proteins) C

32. REMEMBER: 15.6 Classification
Iron is an inorganic compound that does not contain carbon. Some bacteria gain energy through chemosynthesis, in this case rusting iron. B

33. REMEMBER: 15.8 Origin of Life
Endosymbiotic theory- one prokaryotic cell swallowed another prokaryotic cell and began working together. C

34. REMEMBER: 16.13 Reproductive System
Sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules and stored in the epididymis, all found in the TESTES. Once the sperm is ready for release, it travels through the VAS DEFERENS to pick up some seminal fluid near the PROSTATE. Once the sperm and seminal fluid combine to create semen, it is release through the URETHRA. A

35. REMEMBER: 16.10 Biotechnology
Diseases (pathogens) can move through water, air, or direct contact. After a natural disaster, the water left behind may be contaminated and unsafe for drinking.

36. REMEMBER: 16.10 Biotechnology
Scientists are working on ways to improve crops genetically, producing GMOs (genetically modified organisms). Using this new area of study, farmers can grow crops in areas where they couldn’t before. D

37. REMEMBER: 16.3 DNA Replication
Transcription = DNA  RNA
Replication = DNA  DNA
DNA = 2 strands
RNA = 1 strand A

38. REMEMBER: 16.17 Mitosis and Meiosis
Asexual reproduction = one parent makes an identical organism to itself
Sexual reproduction = two parents make a genetically different organism A

39. Codominance = traits work TOGETHER (red + blue = red and blue)
REMEMBER: 16.1 Genetics
Codominance = traits work TOGETHER (red + blue = red and blue)
Partial (incomplete) dominance = traits for a MIX (red + blue = purple)
Complete dominance = one trait overtake the other (red + blue = red)
Polygenic inheritance = more than one gene controls that trait (eye color, skin, height) A

40. REMEMBER: 16.17 Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis = 2 identical diploid body cells
Meiosis = 4 different haploid sex cells B

41. REMEMBER: 16.3 DNA Replication
In order for a recessive trait to be expressed or shown, there must be TWO of them. In letter C, there is only one copy of the trait so it will be hidden. Therefore, letter D is the correct answer. D

42. REMEMBER: 17.20 Human Impact
Once an area has been deforested, soil erosion can occur. Soil erosion is when the topsoil of an area is worn away. B

43. REMEMBER: 16.1 Genetics
Dihybrid crosses and FOIL. However, if you want to save time realize that there is no way for the offspring to get HH, since only ONE parent has an H. C

44. REMEMBER: 16.17 Mitosis and Meiosis
Cancer cells form when mitosis goes out of control and continues to make copies of cells. D

45. REMEMBER: 16.1 Genetics Males = XY Females = XX
In this case you would need to do a punnet square. Autosomal genes are found on chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes.
If the sex-linked gene is codominant, there will be two colors working together.
Let’s say Xo = orange and Xb = black, is there any way to have a male with BOTH X’s? NOPE! So there’s no way for a male to be orange AND black. B

46. REMEMBER: 16.3 DNA Replication

47. REMEMBER: 17.5 Population Size
In succession, larger plants will out compete the smaller plants, causing the ecosystem to change. As the trees grow, they begin to block out the sun from the flowers, causing them to die. D seems promising as well, but trees and flowers can share nutrients pretty well. B

48. REMEMBER: 17.9 Food Webs and Energy Transfer
Bacteria are useful in decomposing DEAD organisms, so should be at the END of food chains. Phytoplankton use the sun for photosynthesis and are considered producers, so they should be at the beginning of the food chain. Zooplankton feed on phytoplankton. Fish eat zooplankton. B

49. REMEMBER: 17.20 Human Impact
With new technologies, the effects on the environment or individual need to be tested or observed for years after. D

50. REMEMBER: 18.9 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis: H2O + CO2 + Light  C6H12O6 + O2
water + carbon dioxide + light  glucose + oxygen D

51. REMEMBER: 18.12 Properties of Water
Water molecules are held together by weak hydrogen bonds, much like DNA. If an object or organism are light enough, or distribute weight evenly, floating can occur due to surface tension. B

52. 17.9 Food Webs and Energy Transfer

53. REMEMBER: 17.20 Human Impact
Education is key!

54. REMEMBER: 17.5 Population Size
The carrying capacity is the amount of organisms an ecosystem can hold comfortably. Once the population increases above that number, resources are limited and the population begins to decrease. C

55. REMEMBER: 17.9 Food Webs and Energy Transfer
Herbivores eat only grass (producers)
Autotrophs make their own food (photosynthesis or chemosynthesis)
Omnivores eat both plants and animals (humans)
Decomposers break down organic matter (fungi or bacteria) C

56. REMEMBER: 18.12 Properties of Water
Ice floats on water; even though water is a liquid and ice is solid water. This is due to the formation of crystal-like patterns in ice, causing an expansion of molecules leaving space for air C

57. REMEMBER: 18.1 Macromolecules
Enzymes are types of catalysts. This means that they lower the activation energy needed to start a reaction. A

58. REMEMBER: 17.5 Population Size
The carrying capacity is the amount of organisms an ecosystem can hold comfortably. Once the population increases above that number, resources are limited and the population begins to decrease. B

59. REMEMBER: 18.9 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Aerobic respiration aka CELLULAR RESPIRATION (opposite of photosynthesis);
Glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + ATP (energy) D

60. REMEMBER: 16.13 Reproductive System
An embryo is not a fetus until it is 8 weeks old. D

61. REMEMBER: 18.12 Properties of Water
Water is a polar molecule, meaning that one end of the molecule is more negative than the other. Nonpolar molecules have no electronegative poles, so don’t react with polar molecules. C

62. REMEMBER: 18.1 Macromolecules
Carbohydrates provide short-term energy for the body.
Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that help carry oxygen around the body.
Enzymes are proteins that help speed up reactions (catalysts).
Protein shakes help body builders get swole! C

63. REMEMBER: 18.1 Macromolecules
Lipids are made of glycerol and fatty acids
Amino acids make up proteins
Plants use carbohydrates for structure (cellulose)
Carbs provide short-term energy. Think of GLUCOSE in cellular respiration!! D

64. REMEMBER: 18.9 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
In photosynthesis, light excites electrons found in a chloroplast. This electron goes down the ETC in order to create glucose