2. Road To Revolutions

3. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

4. Shift from Medieval thought…
People began to define the scientific method & apply it to search for the truth
Math became a tool for modeling the natural world
Separated science/math/medicine from Christianity

5. Before the Scientific Revolution …
Geocentric Theory of the Universe
EARTH was the center of the universe

6. PEOPLE OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
THINKERS
FROM WHERE?
CONTRIBUTIONS
Copernicus
Poland
Heliocentric theory
Kepler
Germany
 Used math to discover laws of planetary motion proving Copernicus right
Galileo
Italy
 Used telescope to prove Heliocentric theory
Newton
England
 Discovered laws of gravity and motion, created calculus  

7. Discussion with Students: Paraphrase/Put into your own words

8. SCIENTIFIC METHOD

9. The Enlightenment: aka “The Age of Reason”

10. Background: 1700’s - European intellectual thought focused on:
Reason: God of Enlightenment, needed for rational & logical thinking
Toleration: except for ideas they did not like!
Natural law: drew on Newton’s natural laws of the universe to find laws for everything (incl. human society)
Progress: history seen as always progressing

11. JOHN LOCKE -1632-1704 In nature – man is happy, independent & equal
– Is man born good or bad? Neither = a blank slate Tabula Rasa – people influenced by experiences & teachings
** Govt. exists by a Social Contract between people (Consent of the Governed) to protect peoples’ Natural Human Rights of “life, health, liberty & property”… in their “pursuit of happiness”…
** Opposed Absolute Monarchy – revolution is not only a right, but a DUTY of citizens, if govt. is in breach of Social Contract
Gave U.S. Founding Fathers – concept of Consent of governed
(drawing)

12. Voltaire: aka Francois Marie Arouet (1694 – 1778)
Champion of tolerance
Could not stand intolerance!
Wrote: “A Treatise on Toleration”
Wrote: “Candide”
Witty, satire of Society, Government & Church –
** Against Religious & Political persecution – fought to end the use of torture (b/c he was a victim of it)
** Father of Freedom of Speech and Freedom of Religion**
“I may not agree with what you have to say, but I will defend to the death, your right to say it!”

13. Montesquieu (1689-1755) French noble and lawyer
Wrote: “The Spirit of the Laws” (1748)
Defined concept of separation of powers within government
Writers of US Constitution took this idea as a basis of our government
An independent Judiciary
Gave U.S. founding fathers – “checks & balances” & “Separation of powers”

14. Jean Jacques Rousseau Wrote: “On the Social Contract” & “Emile”
Liberty & equality, but people give them to each other, not natural rights
The Social Contract is between people, not people & government
*Good laws can make people good
Humans are by nature good, but that society has corrupted them
“Man is born free, but everywhere is in chains”
Education should promote the free development of human potential
**Concepts of the Common Good & the General Will (Majority rule), and Popular Sovereignty (democracy)

15. Quiz: Who would Best Support…
1. Freedom of speech = __________________ 2. Consent of the Governed _______________ 3. Checks & Balances = ___________________ 4. No Torture = _________________________ 5. Separation of Powers = ________________ 6. Freedom of Religion = _________________ 7. Majority Rule = ______________________ 8. Laissez-Faire = _______________________ 9. “Life, Liberty & Property” = ______________ 10. The Social Contract = __________________ 12. Human/Natural Rights = _______________ 13. Revolution is ok when the Social Contract is breached =______