1. Section 6.2 Urbanization(Appleby 222-227)
Urban American
Section 6.2 Urbanization(Appleby )

2. Today’s Agenda Library Research crew Family Tree Begin Urbanization
Section 6.2 (Appleby )
Homework
Read your library sources

3. Review
Why did immigrants come to America at the turn of the 20th Century?
From where did they come? How was this different from before?
How did some Americans view them? Examples

4. We learned about how immigrants who came to America seeking the American Dream. What was life like for them? In what environment did they find themselves?

5. What caused America to urbanize?
Urbanization
Transformation of population from country to city dwellers
Technology
Train, Electric trolley car
allowed cities to expand
Steam powered engines
Factories moved to cities
Mechanization & Automation
machines replaced manual labor, animals, skilled craftsmen
Employment
Where the jobs were (factories)
Creature Comforts
Entertainment, stores, electricity, indoor plumbing
Immigration (25 million) (1890-WWI)

6. Urban Crime min

7. What problems did new immigrants face?
Poverty/Crime
Jobs paid too little to support family
$445 annually
Often required entire family to work
No gov. “safety nets”
Gambling, extortion, prostitution ubiquitous
Inadequate services
Few Police, Firefighters not reliable
Inadequate sanitation system
Raw sewage, manure and trash thrown
Unsafe drinking water
Overcrowded Conditions
40 thousand in 17 block area of Little Italy
Tenement apartments packed
NYC= 40 thousand die yearly from waterborne disease
½ million pounds of manure on streets of NYC everyday

8. Urban Conditions 31-34:13

9. Today’s Agenda Review Essay/ Presentation Project Review
Continue Urbanization
Homework
Work on your Essay or Presentation

10. What is a tenement? Overcrowded apartment building
brick building from four to six stories high
1 bathroom shared by multiple families
Often had a liquor store on 1st floor
Known for squalid, unhealthy conditions

12. Describe the conditions of the slums.
High murder rate
High rate of alcoholism
High infant/child mortality rate
Nearly 7 out of 10 died by age 5
Rats, trash, smell ubiquitous
Both parents and children over 5 worked from 6 AM to 8 or 9 PM 6 days a week

13. Describe the political corruption that emerged as a result of urbanization.
Political Machines
Organization that controlled jobs, contracts, city services by corruptly influencing elections & government
Used police or gangs to instill fear
Provided jobs & protection to poor in return for votes
Tammany Hall
Most infamous political machine in NY
George Washington Plunkitt
Member of NY State Assembly
Used inside information to make huge profits on real estate
William “Boss” Tweed
third-largest landowner in NYC, controlled Erie RR, 10th National Bank, NY Printing Co. , police & fire departments

14. Define Muckraker and describe their methods.
Investigative journalists who exposed the “dirt” of society
Wanted to raise the consciousness of middle class
Photojournalism
Used photography to graphically expose conditions in tenements, factories

15. Urban Conditions 28-34

16. Who was Jacob Riis? Immigrant from Denmark
So poor he often lodged at police station
Got job as photographer covering police activities
Became a Muckraker
Published How the Other Half Lives
"poor were the victims rather than the makers of their fate“
Sold 28 million copies
Wanted to make middle class aware of abject poverty, condition of cities in America
Results
Tenements closed
Indoor plumbing becomes commonplace in NYC
Schools forced to install playgrounds

17. What words come to mind when you see these photographs?
Jacob Riis, Children sleeping in Mulberry Street (1890)
Jacob Riis, Bandits' Roost (1890)

25. Who was Lewis Hine? A Muckraker Pioneer of documentary photography
Focused of Child Labor
Careful not to exaggerate photos
Posed as fire inspector to get access to factories
Led to Keating-Owen Act (1916)
Placed limits on employment of children under 14 in factories and shops

32. Hypothesize about the public’s reaction to the to the photos.