1. World War I & Russian Revolution
Unit 16
Presentation By Kathryn Raia

2. The Great War
Lasted from and the Paris Peace Conference was in 1919.
People knew that the “Great War” was coming and evidence can be seen in art and literature leading up to the war.
Turning Point in warfare due to new technology
To try to ease tensions, Europe brought back the Olympic games in Athens 1896.
In addition the Hague Tribunal is created. This organization was an pen forum where countries could discuss their problems without warfare.
Insert a map of your country.

3. Long Term Causes: MAIN
Militarism and the Arms Race
What is militarism?
What is an arms race?
How did these things lead to war?
Britain vs. Germany
Competition
Insert a picture of an animal and or plant found in your country.

4. Long Term Causes: MAIN ALLIANCES: Triple Alliance vs. Triple Entente
Why did alliances form during this period?
Triple Alliance – Germany, Italy, Austria – Hungry
1914 – Germany and Austria – Hungry Central Powers
France and Britain sign an ENTENTE – A non-binding agreement to follow common policies
Created the Triple Entente
Britain signed similar agreement with Russia and they formed the “Allies”
Insert a picture of one of the geographic features of your country.

5. Imperial & Economic Rivalries
Long Term Causes: MAIN
Imperial & Economic Rivalries
How did imperialism cause World War I?
Imperial Rivalries
France vs. Germany
Britain vs France
Economic Rivalries
How did economics cause rivalries?
Britain vs. Germany
Add key points in the history of your country to the timeline.

6. Long Term Causes: MAIN Nationalism
How were each of these groups nationalistic? Why did that cause tension?
Germany
France
Austria-Hungary
Nationalism created a "powder keg" in the Balkans
The Ottoman Empire (“the sick man of Europe”) receded from the Balkans
Pan-Slavism, a nationalist movement to unite all Slavic peoples to form their own state
As southern Slavs’ “big brother” to the east, Russia focused on Balkan regions in Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires after its humiliating loss in the Russo-Japanese War.
    
Insert a picture illustrating a custom or tradition here.

7. Path to War Insert a picture of the head leader of your country.
First Balkan War (1908)
Serbia, Greece, and Bulgaria allied to drive the Turks out of the Balkans
Serbia and Greece gained large amounts of land
Second Balkan War (1913)
Found between the Balkan states over the spoils of the First Balkan War
"Third Balkan War" between Austria and Serbia became World War I
Insert a picture of the head leader of your country.

8. Immediate Causes to World War I
Serbia wanted to create a South Slav State (Pan-slavism) and wanted to annex Bosnia which belonged to Austria
June 28, 1914: Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Austrian heir to throne, assassinated by Serbian nationalist Princip (member Serbian "Black Hand") while visiting Bosnia-Herzegovina.
Austria Issues Serbia an ultimatum: Punish those involved and end all anti-Austrian aggression or else.
Insert a picture that illustrates some part of your country’s economy.

9. Immediate Causes Cont..
Kaiser Wilhelm II pledges unwavering support to Austria to punish Serbia: "the blank check"
July 28, Austria declares war on Serbia
Claimed that Serbia did not meet the ultimatum
First military act of the war was the Austrian bombing of Belgrade.
Russia mobilizes against Austria & Germany on the side of their Slavic neighbor, Serbia;
France mobilizes on Germany's western border

10. Immediate Causes Aug 1, German declares war on Britain and France
Aug. 3, Germany invades Belgium; France declares war on Germany
Aug 4, Britain declares war on Germany

11. European Theatre
Two opposing alliances
Central Powers (Triple Alliance): Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire (also Bulgaria)
Allies (Triple Entente): Britain, France, Russia (later, Japan, Italy and U.S.)
Insert a picture of one of the points of interest for your country.

13. The Western Front
Schlieffen Plan: German plan to invade France through Belgium, defeat France quickly (6 weeks) by sweeping around Paris, and then move to the east to defeat Russia
What was the purpose of this plan?
Why did it fail?

14. A New Kind of Conflict Early Battles – Western Front
Battle of the Marne (Sept. 1914): After Germans came within sight of Paris, French and British forces pushed German forces back. Led by General Joseph Joffre

15. Trench Warfare
Trench warfare developed after Battle of the Marne; lasted four bloody years
A long line of trenches stretched from the North Sea to the Swiss border in the south
Despite massive causalities on both sides, few gains were made
Creation of a four year stalemate

16. Trench Warfare

17. Trench Warfare

18. Trench Warfare

19. Early Battles – Western Front
1916: Battle of Verdun
Germans wanted to “Bleed France White” and force it to sue for peace
Franc lost 540,000 men and Germany lost 430,000
and Battle of the Somme; horrific casualties; neither side could break through
British and French offensive to break through German lines
Losses men: Britain 420,000; France 200,000; Germany 650,000

20. Trench Warfare
Erich Remarque's All Quiet on the Western Front (1929) illustrated horrific trench warfare.
Three o’clock in the morning. The breeze is fresh and cool. The pale hour makes our faces look gray. We trudge onward in single file through the trenches and shell-holes and come again to the zone of mist. Katczinsky is restive, that’s a bad sign.
“What’s up, Kat?” says Kropp.
“I wish I were back home.” Home - he means the huts.
“We’ll soon be out of it, Kat.”
He is nervous. “I don’t know, I don’t know --- “
We come to the communication trench and then to the open fields. The little wood reappears. We know every foot of ground here. There’s the cemetery with the mounds and the black crosses.
That moment, it breaks out behind us, swells, roars and thunders. We duck down - a cloud of flame shoots up a hundred yards ahead of us. The next minute under a second explosion part of the wood rises slowly in the air, three or four trees sail up and then crash to pieces. The shells begin to hiss like safety valves - heavy fire.
“Take cover!” yells somebody, “Cover!”
The fields are flat, the wood is too distant and dangerous - the only cover is the graveyard and the mounds. We stumble across in the dark and as though he had been spat there every man lies glued behind a mound.
Not a moment too soon. The dark goes mad. It heaves and raves. Darknesses blacker than the night rush on us with giant strides, over us and away. The flames of the explosions light up the graveyard. There is no escape anywhere. By the light of the shells I try to get a view of the fields. They are a surging sea, daggers of flame from the explosions leap up like fountains. It is impossible for anyone to break through it. The wood vanishes. It is pounded, crushed, torn to pieces. We must stay here in the graveyard. …
Before me gapes the shell-hole. I grasp it with my eyes as with fists. With one leap I must be in it. There, I get a smack in the face, a hand clamps onto my shoulder - has a dead man woken up? The hand shakes me. I turn my head in the second of light I stare into the face of Katczinsky. He has his mouth wide open and is yelling. I hear nothing. He rattles me, comes nearer, in a momentary lull his voice reaches me: “Gas – Gaas – Gaaas - Pass it on.”

21. An Industrialized War
  Technological advancements in war: machine gun, tanks, airplane, poison gas, Zeppelins, U-boats

22. A Global Conflict Eastern Europe
Russia was able to push into Eastern Europe
Battle of Tannenburg they were defeated and forced them to retreat
Troops lacked rifles
Peasants into combat
Why do you think Russia’s defeat was inevitable?

23. A Global Conflict Southern Europe
Bulgaria joined the central powers to help crush its old rival Serbia
Italy declares war on Austria-Hungry and then Germany
Italy signs secret treaty with allies in hope to gain Austria – ruled lands inhabited by Italians
Caporetto
October 1917
Austrians and Germans launch major attack on Italians
Italians forced to retreat

24. War Outside Europe Japan allied with Britain - Why?
Ottoman empire joined the central powers in 1914
Closed off allied ships from the Dardanelles – strait connecting the Black Sea to the Mediterranean
Battle of Gallipoli allies sent troops to open up the strait
Turkish troops tied down trapped allies on the beaches
After 10 months and more than 200,000 casualties allies retreated
War and the Colonies
What were the colonies used for during the war?

25. The Armenian Genocide What is genocide?
Coined by Dr. Raphael Lemkin after the Holocaust to describe the atrocities in Turkey and in Nazi Europe
Definition according to the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide:
Any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such as:
Killing members of the group;
Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.

26. Background
Armenians were a Christian group living in the Middle East for hundreds of years.
Treated as second class citizens under the Seljuk then Ottoman Turks.
Rise of nationalism in the 1800s led to groups such as Serbians and Greeks seeking autonomy and independence.
Armenians started to protest for rights and against discrimination in the late 1800s
First recorded massacre under the last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (Abdul – Hamid II)
100, ,000 Armenians killed in the Hamidian Massacres
Armenians hopeful for change and a solidification of their rights in a constitution after Young Turks overthrow sultan.
However radicalism emerged instead.
1909 – Adana Massacre

27. The Armenian Genocide Causes:
Russia was an enemy of the Ottomans and Turks & they had supported rights for the Armenians and even had Armenians living in Russia and serving in their military.
Used this connection to convince others against the Armenians
Scapegoated the losses in World War I on them.

28. April 24, 1915 – The Genocide Begins
Leaders of the ruling party decide to deal with Armenians while Europe is preoccupied with World War I
Intellectuals, doctors, artists, civil leaders, etc are rounded up and murdered.
New technology such as railroads and telegraphs assist in sending orders and deporting Armenians to concentration camps and/or their death.
Armenian children were abducted, sold, or raised by Turkish families.

29. Reaction Some organizations tried to help as early as 1908
This was the first international mission of the Red Cross
Near East Relief raised millions of dollars during the genocide to save lives
Arabs and Muslims risked their lives to hide and save Armenians including hiding children.
The early massacres and then the actual genocide did gain attention in the international press such as the New York Times
US Diplomat Henry Morgenthau, Sr. wrote numerous letters to the White House about the atrocities he was witnessing in Turkey.

31. War Crimes
Ninth World Congress of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation
Track down and execute genocide leaders
Allies formally accuse the Ottomans of “Crimes Against Humanity.”
Britain set up war crimes tribunal in Malta (Malta International Tribunals) instead of holding them in Constantinople (Istanbul)
British Style Trials
How do you try another country under your own laws?
Need international law – not created yet
Some were convicted many others were not brought to justice

32. Denial & Remembrance Denial Remembrance
Turkey denies the Armenian Genocide today – some reasons are:
Claim the massacres does not fit the definition of genocide.
Claimed the massacres were not preconceived by the Ottoman government
Remembrance
France as well as other counties have laws that make it crime to claim the genocide did not take place.
Date of remembrance: April 24th

33. Winning The War
Total War
Conscription
Censorship
Propaganda
Rationing

34. Propaganda Posters

35. Propaganda Posters

36. Propaganda Posters

37. Total War: Economics Economic production was focused on the war effort
Why were free market strategies abandoned?
Why did labor unions support the war effort?
Why ration food and supplies at home?
War Bonds
Each side aimed at “starving out” the enemy by cutting off vital supplies to the civilian population.

38. Total War: Women
Women replaced male factory workers who were now fighting the war.
43% of the labor force in Russia
Changing attitudes about women resulted in increased rights after the war (Britain, Germany, Austria and U.S.)
War promoted greater social equality, thus blurring class distinctions and lessening the gap between rich and poor

39. Russia
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Dec. 1917): Lenin took Russia out of the war but forced to give Germans 1/4 of Russian territory
What effect will Russia pulling out the war have?

40. The War at Sea British and Allied Naval Blockade: Goal ?
Germany response?
Lusitania, 1915: U-boats sank passenger liner killing 1,200 including 128 Americans
Germany began unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917 sinking all ships with its U-boats
Most important reason for U.S. entry into the war

41. Diplomacy During the War
1915: Why does Italy enter the war?
Zimmerman Note: Who sent it what did it say?
Balfour Note (1917) Arabs & Jews in Palestine promised autonomy if they joined the Allies.
Britain declared sympathy for idea of Jewish homeland in Palestine.
New policy seemed to contradict British support for Arab nationalism.

42. Diplomacy continued…
Wilson’s 14 Points (Jan. 1918) -- plan to end the war along liberal, democratic lines
Provisions:
Abolish secret treaties
Freedom of the seas
Remove economic barriers (e.g. tariffs)
Reduction of armament burdens
Promise of independence (“self-determination”) to oppressed minority groups (e.g. Poles, Czechs), millions of which lived in Germany and Austria-Hungary.
Adjustment of colonial claims in interests of both native peoples and colonizers
Adjustment of Italy’s borders along ethnic lines.
Autonomy for non-Turkish parts of the Turkish Empire.
14th point: International organization to supply collective security
Foreshadowed League of Nations

43. The End of the War
Argonne offensive (spring 1918: Germans transferred divisions from east (after defeating Russia) to the western front and mounted a massive offensive.
Central Powers sought peace based on 14 Points (believing they would get fair treatment)
Germany and Austria-Hungary wracked with revolution
Austria surrendered on Nov. 3
Germany surrendered on Nov. 11(Armistice signed at 11 pm); Wilhelm II abdicates and flees to Holland

44. Making the Peace Paris Peace Conference 1919 What did everyone want?
Big Four: Lloyd George (Br.), Clemenceau (Fr.), Wilson (US), Orlando (It)
Central powers excluded from negotiations
What did everyone want?
France:
Italy :
Ethnic groups once in the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empire:

45. Paris Peace Conference 1919
New German Republic – Weimar Republic: Why did the Allies not want to sign a peace agreement with an autocratic government?
Versailles Treaty, 1919
Article 231: placed sole blame for war on Germany; Germany would be severely punished
Germany forced to pay huge reparations to Britain and France
German army and navy severely reducedGermany was only allowed 100, 000 standing troops and had to reduce their navy to six ships and Germany could have no submarines or military aircraft
Rhineland would be demilitarized; Saar coal mines taken over by France
Germany lost all its colonies and Alsace Lorraine returned to France

46. Paris Peace Conference 1919
League of Nations:
Why does it fail?

47. Paris Peace Conference 1919
Why was Italy angry?
Why were the Japanese angry?
What are mandates and who was carved into them?
Why?

48. Conference Continued Other Settlements
Baltic States: Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia
Poland gained independence
Three New Republic: Czechoslovakia, Austria and Hungry
New South Slav State: Yugoslavia
Members of Paris Peace conference only applied self-determination to Europe

49. Impact of World War I on European Society
Massive casualties:
10 million soldiers dead;
10 million civilians dead, many from influenza epidemic;
15 million died in Russian Revolution
End to political dynasties
Hapsburg dynasty removed in Austria (had lasted 500 years)
Romanov dynasty removed in Russia (had lasted 300 years)
Hohenzollern dynasty removed in Germany (had lasted 300 years)
Ottoman Empire destroyed (had lasted 500 years)

50. Impact of World War I on European Society
War promoted greater social equality, thus blurring class distinctions and lessening the gap between rich and poor
The Russian Revolution abolished the nobility and gave women more rights than any other country in Europe
Women received the right to vote in Britain the same year that the war ended; Germany soon followed
The nobility in Germany, Austria, and Russia lost much of its influence and prestige

51. Impact of World War I on European Society
Russian Revolution resulted in world's first communist country
German nationalist resentment of harsh Versailles Treaty doomed the Weimar Republic
German anger with treaty partially responsible for rise of Hitler in early 1930s
The U.S. became the world’s leading creditor and greatest producer due to the drain of Europe’s resources.
Unresolved differences lead to WWII

52. The Russian Revolution
Background:
What problems did Russia experience that made it ripe for revolution?

53. February (March) Revolution 1917
Causes:
Inept leadership (Duma had no real power)
Calls for a constitution
Corruption in Bureaucracy
World War I:
Strained Russian resources
Factories could not turn out enough supplies
Transportation system broke down
Many soldiers had no rifles and no ammunition
Large amounts of Russian causalities
Rasputin – Who, How?

54. February (March) Revolution 1917
IMMEDIATE CAUSE: Petrograd Strikes in 1917
Workers go on strike in St. Petersburg (Petrograd) 1917 – WHY??????? What group starts the strikes?
Troops refused to fire on demonstrators so the government could not perform and was helpless
Czar abdicates

55. Effects of the February (March) Revolution
Duma set up provisional government under Kerensky
Begin liberal reforms
Did NOT help the peasants
Did NOT take Russia out of the war
Revolutionary socialists (Bolsheviks) plotted their own case
Set up Soviets – councils of workers and soldiers – in certain cities
Petrograd Soviet very influential and dominated by Bolsheviks

56. Vladimir Lenin
At 17, Lenin’s brother was hanged for plotting to kill the czar – hated monarchy ever since
Adapted Marxist ideas to fit Russian conditions
Marx said that the industrial working class would overthrow capitalism, but Russia did not have a large urban proletariat
He believed the peasants could be included in the revolution
Lenin called for an “elite” to rise up – the Bolsheviks, or Majority” To set up a dictatorship of the proletariat
Rejected socialist revisionism (western Europe) they believed more could be achieved for workers through democratic means than revolution
Bolsheviks rejected this.
Lenin said that only revolution could bring about the necessary changes.

57. The October (November) Revolution
Causes
Provisional government not helping the people
Kept Russia in the war
Communism has been spreading throughout the cities by way of the Bolsheviks
Kronstadt Sailors and military begin to support the revolution

58. The October (November) Revolution
Events:
Lenin in exile in 1917
Germans rush him back to Russia – why?
Leon Trotsky assisted Lenin in planning the revolution
Lenin and the Bolsheviks promised the people “Peace, Land and Bread”
1917 provisional government launched a disastrous effort against Germany
Troops mutinied
Bolsheviks & squads of Red Guards take over and seize the provisional government
Moscow becomes the headquarters

59. The October (November) Revolution
Effects:
First communist government in history
Ended private ownership of land, and distributed land to peasants
Workers were given control of the factories and mines
Russian Civil war

60. Russian Civil War Causes: Civil war lasted three years
Reds – or communists who supported the Bolsheviks
Whites – counterrevolutionaries who remained loyal to the czar
Nationalist groups in some Russian territories broke free while others were not as successful
Allied powers in WWI assisted the whites in hope that they would eventually assist them in the fight against Germany
This 1919 Bolshevik poster shows the three White generals Denikin, Kolchak and Yudenich as three vicious dogs who are under the control of America, France and Britain.  

61. Effects of the Civil War
Communists win
Cheka - executed ordinary citizens & killed the Romanovs
Lenin’s War Communism – tried to set up order
Took over banks, Mines, Factories, Railroads
Peasants forced to deliver “surplus” food to hungry people in the cities
Peasant laborers were drafted into the military or into factory work
Commissars – communist party officials assigned to the army to teach party principles and ensure party loyalty  
Final result: Hunger, famine and disease plagued the country

62. Building The Communist USSR
Government
1922 Constitution
Elected legislature (Supreme Soviet)
Gave all citizens over the age of 18 the right to vote
All political power, resources, and means of production would belong to workers and peasants
USSR – Union of Soviet Socialist Republics – multinational state that encompassed European and Asian peoples
In theory all republics shared equal rights
Comintern (Third Communists International) --created in 1919
Was to serve as the preliminary step of the International Republic of Soviets towards the world wide victory of Communism

63. Economics under Lenin Lenin’s NEP
Moved away from War communism – which almost collapsed the economy
1921 Lenin adopts New Economic Policy or NEP
Was it successful?
How do you know?
Why?

64. Effects of Lenin’s NEP
This was a compromise with capitalism, and it helped the economy
1928 – food and industrial production were back at pre-war levels
Standard of living improved
Lenin saw NEP as temporary

65. Lenin’s Impact on Soviet Society
Old social structure abolished – titles for nobility ended
Loss of influence for the Greek Orthodox Church
Women gained equality (in theory)
Russians had greater expectation of freedom than they had during the Tsar's regime

66. From Lenin to Stalin Lenin dies in 1924 suddenly
Contenders Trotsky and Stalin
Josef Stalin Became secretary in the Party
Lenin didn’t like him
Stalin shrewd politician able to get rid of Trotsky – fled in 1929
Stalin – Totalitarian dictator