1. A Global Conflict Chapter 29, Section 3
World War I Comes to an End…
For now!

2. Introduction
World War I was much more than a European conflict Australia and Japan, for example, entered the war on the Allies’ side, while India supplied troops to fight alongside their British rulers. Meanwhile, the Ottoman Turks and later Bulgaria allied themselves with Germany and the Central Powers. As the war promised to be a grim, drawn-out affair, all the Great Powers looked for other allies around the globe to tip the balance. They also sought new war fronts on which to achieve victory.

3. The Gallipoli Campaign
Break through Ottoman controlled Dardanelles
Supply Russia
Turned into “Western Battle”
Failure

4. War Affects the World Battles in Africa and Asia
Allies take control of German holdings in Asia and Africa.
Britain and France use their colonial subjects to help in war effort

5. Reasons for American Entrance Into WWI
German USW
Allied Propaganda
Hostility Toward Germany
American economic Interests
American Idealism

6. American Neutrality
In 1914 the United States issues a Proclamation of Neutrality.
Woodrow Wilson won the Presidency in 1916 under the slogan; “He Kept Us Out Of War.”

7. A Prosperous War for the United States
America’s economy was greatly aided by trading supplies to European countries when the Great War broke out.
America traded mostly with Britain and France.
In June of 1915 Austria-Hungary suggested that American neutrality was threatened by its munitions trade with the Allies.
As the war went on, it was in the best interest for the U.S. that the Allies won the war. $$$

9. Allied Propaganda Influenced the American Public
When the Great War broke out the American public was split in its support.
The majority of America’s population was Anglo-Saxon but there were also large German, Italian, and Eastern European groups in the U.S.
Allied Propaganda helped to shift America’s support toward the Allies.

10. Propaganda Was Carefully Used By Both Sides
The British printed headlines that were designed to stir up emotions regardless of whether they were accurate or not. The most infamous headlines included:
“Belgium child’s hands cut off by Germans”
“Germans crucify Canadian officer”
Untrue headlines were tolerated and even encouraged by the German authorities. Some headlines were:
“French doctors infect German wells with plague germs”
“German prisoners blinded  by Allied captors”

11. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
German plan to blockade Britain and France.
U-Boats attack without warning and without attempting to save crews and passengers.
Torpedoed neutral and belligerent ships.

12. Germany Warns the U.S.
Because many Americans traveled to Britain, Germany tried to urge Americans not to travel to Europe.
The Germans went as far as taking out an add in the New York Time to discourage Americans from traveling to Europe.

14. The Sinking of the Lusitania
On May 7, 1915 a German U-Boat sank the British passenger ship the Lusitania, 1198 die including 128 Americans.
The Germans argued that the Lusitania was carrying munitions in the hull.
The U.S. pressures Germany to end Unrestricted Submarine Warfare.
Germany agrees to end USW after signing the Sussex Pledge in 1916.

16. Germany Sees No Other Alternative
Unable to make any headway after ending Unrestricted Submarine Warfare, Germany decides to take action.
On January 1917 Germany resumed Unrestricted Submarine Warfare believing they could defeat England in 5 months.
“We will frighten the British flag off the face of the waters and starve the British people until they, who have refused peace, will kneel and plead for it.” Kaiser Wilhelm

17. The Zimmermann Telegram
On January 19, 1917, British naval intelligence intercepted and decrypted a telegram sent by German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmerman to the German Ambassador in Mexico City.
In return for Mexico’s help in the war, Germany promised to assist Mexico in recovering the territories ceded to the U.S. after the Mexican-American war.
Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona
Arthur Zimmermann

19. The Actual Zimmermann Telegram

20. Germany's submarine warfare is no longer directed against belligerents, but against the whole world. All nations are involved in Germany's action. The challenge is to all mankind. Wanton, wholesale destruction has been effected against women and children while they have been engaged in pursuits which even in the darkest periods of modern history have been regarded as innocent and legitimate.
There is one choice I cannot make. I will not choose the path of submission, and suffer the most sacred rights of the nation and of the people to be ignored and violated.
With a profound sense of the solemn and even tragic character of the step I am taking, and of the grave responsibilities involved, but in unhesitating obedience to my constitutional duty, I advise Congress to declare that the recent course of the German Government is nothing less than war against the United States, and that the United States accept the status of a belligerent which has been thrust upon it, and will take immediate steps to put the country into a thorough state of defense, and to exert all her power and resource in bringing Germany to terms, and in ending the war.
President Woodrow Wilson, April 3, 1917
The United States declares war against Germany in April 1917 joining the Allies.

21. War Affects the Home Front
Governments Wage Total War
World War I becomes a “total war”—nations devote all resources to war.
Governments take control of the economy to produce war goods.
Nations turn to rationing—limiting purchases of war-related goods.
Propaganda—one sided information to build morale and support for the war.

22. War Affects the Home Front
Woman and the War
At home, thousands of women fill jobs previously held by men.
Many women also experience the war by working as nurses.

23. The Allies Win the War Russia Withdraws
Civil unrest in Russia forces Czar to step down from throne in 1917.
Communists soon take control of Russia’s government.
Russia signs Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany in March 1918, pulls out of war.

24. The Allies Win the War The Central Powers Collapse
With Russia gone, Germany moves most forces to Western Front
Engage in major fighting; Allies force Germans to retreat.
Allies win war; armistice—end of fighting—signed 11/11/1918

25. The United States Enters the Great War
By early 1918 the United States is able to mobilize 2 million men led by General John J. Pershing.
The Central Powers Collapse
With Russia gone, Germany moves most forces to Western Front
Engage in major fighting; Allies force Germans to retreat.
By the end of 1918 the Central Powers are being overwhelmed by the Allies.
Bulgaria surrenders on Sept. 29, 1918
Ottoman Empire surrenders on Oct. 30, 1918
Austria-Hungary surrenders on Nov. 3, 1918

26. “Pershing Boot” used to prevent Trench Foot
Pershing oversaw the development of a new combat boot to prevent “trench foot.”

27. An Armistice is Signed
On November 11, 1918 Germany agrees to a cease fire and surrenders after signing an Armistice.
The document was signed on the eleventh hour, of the eleventh, of the eleventh month.
Germany was not at the mercy of the Allies.
America emerges as a world power.

28. Casualties % of Mobilized
Countries
Total Mobilized
Killed & Died
Wounded
Prisoners & Missing
Total Casualties
Casualties % of Mobilized
Allied Powers
Russia
12,000,000
1,700,000
4,950,000
2,500,000
9,150,000
76.3
France
8,410,000
1,357,800
4,266,000
537,000
6,160,800
British Empire
8,904,467
908,371
2,090,212
191,652
3,190,235
35.8
Italy
5,615,000
650,000
947,000
600,000
2,197,000
39.1
United States
4,355,000
126,000
234,300
4,500
364,800
8.2
Japan
800,000
300
907 3
1,210
0.2
Romania
750,000
335,706
120,000
80,000
535,706
71.4
Serbia
707,343
45,000
133,148
152,958
331,106
46.8
Belgium
267,000
13,716
44,686
34,659
93,061
34.9
Greece
230,000
5,000
21,000
1,000
17,000
11.7
Portugal
100,000
7,222
13,751
12,318
33,291
33.3
Montenegro
50,000
3,000
10,000
7,000
20,000
40.0
Total
42,188,810
5,152,115
12,831,004
4,121,090
22,104,209
52.3
Central Powers
Germany
11,000,000
1,773,700
4,216,058
1,152,800
7,142,558
64.9
Austria-Hungary
7,800,000
1,200,000
3,620,000
2,200,000
7,020,000
90.0
Turkey
2,850,000
325,000
400,000
250,000
975,000
34.2
Bulgaria
87,500
152,390
27,029
266,919
22.2
22,850,000
3,386,200
8,388,448
3,629,829
15,404,477
67.4
Grand Total
65,038,810
8,538,315
21,219,452
7,750,919
37,508,686
57.6
World War I Statistics

29. The Legacy of the War A High Price
War takes heavy toll; 8.5 million soldiers dead, 21 million wounded
War devastates European economies, drains national treasuries.
Many acres of land and homes, villages, towns destroyed.
Survivors suffer disillusionment and despair; reflected in the arts.

30. As if War Wasn’t Enough
The influenza pandemic took hold around the world in and resulted in more death than in WWI.
Some estimate that between million people died from the Flu.
More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of the Black Death Bubonic Plague.