1. Chapter 12: Classification
Essential Question: How are living things organized and named?

2. I. Biodiversity: variety of organisms
A. Classifying organisms
1. Taxonomy: branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history
a) Taxon (taxa): particular group within a taxonomic system
2. Common names were confusing and varied from place to place
3. Long descriptions in Latin was used but they were difficult to remember

3. B. Linnaeus’s system (1700’s)
1. Use organisms’ form and structure to group them into categories
a) kingdom was the largest group
b) plant and animal kingdoms
2. Levels of classification
a) kingdom: largest category
b) phylum
c) class
d) order f) genus
e) family g) species: single organism type
Classification

5. Classification of Ursus arctos
Section 18-1
Grizzly bear
Black bear
Giant panda
Red fox
Abert squirrel
Coral snake
Sea star
KINGDOM Animalia
PHYLUM Chordata
CLASS Mammalia
ORDER Carnivora
FAMILY Ursidae
GENUS Ursus
SPECIES Ursus arctos
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6. 3. Binomial nomenclature: species name has two-parts and is written in italics Binomial nomenclature
a) first name: genus (capital letter)
b) second name: species identifier and usually a descriptive word (small cased letter)
c) example: Homo sapiens (wise human)
d) written in Latin so all scientists can identify the organism
4. Modern system has domain level above kingdom

7. A. Phylogenetics: analysis of evolutionary relationships among taxa
II. Systematics: organizes living things by similarities in embryos, chromosomes, proteins, DNA, fossils
A. Phylogenetics: analysis of evolutionary relationships among taxa
1. Phylogenetic diagram/tree: family tree that shows the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms

9. 2. Fossil record: one form of evidence
used in making a phylogenetic tree that
can provide clues to evolutionary relationships
3. Morphology: study of the
internal and external structures
of organisms: the greater
the number of homologous
Morphological features, the
more closely related they are

10. 4. Embryological patterns of development: provide evidence of phylogenetic relationships based on similarity among embryos of different species
5. Chromosomes and DNA: compare DNA, RNA, and chromosomes of different species: same patterns show how closely they are related

11. B. Cladistics: use shared derived characters to establish evolutionary relationships
1. Derived character: feature that apparently evolved only within the group under consideration
2. Example: birds have a derived character of feathers, most animals do not have feathers other than birds
3. Shared character: feature that all members of a group have in common
4. Cladograms: ancestry diagrams made by means of cladistic analysis
Cladistics

12. TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION
Section 18-2
Traditional Classification Versus Cladogram
Appendages
Conical Shells
Crustaceans
Gastropod
Crab
Barnacle
Limpet
Crab
Barnacle
Limpet
Molted exoskeleton
Segmentation
Tiny free-swimming larva
TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION
CLADOGRAM
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13. III. Modern classification
Three Domains of life: all living things seems to be related by ancestry to one of three major lineages or domains
1. Domain Bacteria:
Eubacteria kingdom
2. Domain Archaea: includes the Archaebacteria kingdom
3.Domain Eukarya: includes the Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia kingdoms

14. B. Six Kingdom system: first kingdom aligns with domain Bacteria, second kingdom with domain Archaea, and the last four kingdoms with the domain Eukarya

15. Kingdoms
Domains and kingdoms

16. 1. Kingdom Eubacteria
a) unicellular prokaryotes
b) “eu” means true
c) bacteria that affects your life

17. 2. Kingdom Archaebacteria
a) unicellular prokaryotes
b) distinctive cell membranes and genetic properties
c) live in harsh environments
d) “archae” means ancient

18. Archaebacteria at Yellowstone National Park
Morning Glory Hot Spring

19. Archaebacteria at Yellowstone National Park

20. 3. Kingdom Protista
a) most are single celled eukaryotes
b) some are multicellular
c) very different from each other
d) placed in category if not a fungi, plant, or animal

21. 4. Kingdom Fungi
a) heterotrophic unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes
b) absorb nutrients
c) include mushrooms,
mildew, and molds

22. 5. Kingdom Plantae
a) multicellular plants
b) photosynthesis
c) includes: mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants

23. 6. Kingdom Animalia
a) multicellular heterotrophs
b) most move about in their environment

24. Concept Map Section 18-3 Living Things Go to Section: Eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells
are characterized by
Important characteristics
and differing
which place them in
Domain Eukarya
Cell wall structures
such as
which is subdivided into
which place them in
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Animalia
Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaea
which coincides with
which coincides with
Kingdom Eubacteria
Kingdom Archaebacteria
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25. Cladogram of Six Kingdoms and Three Domains
Section 18-3
Cladogram of Six Kingdoms and Three Domains
DOMAIN ARCHAEA
DOMAIN EUKARYA
Kingdoms
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
DOMAIN BACTERIA
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26. Classification of Living Things
Key Characteristics of Kingdoms and Domains
Section 18-3
Classification of Living Things
DOMAIN
KINGDOM
CELL TYPE
CELL STRUCTURES
NUMBER OF CELLS
MODE OF NUTRITION
EXAMPLES
Bacteria
Eubacteria
Prokaryote
Cell walls with peptidoglycan
Unicellular
Autotroph or heterotroph
Streptococcus, Escherichia coli
Archaea
Archaebacteria
Prokaryote
Cell walls without peptidoglycan
Unicellular
Autotroph or heterotroph
Methanogens, halophiles
Protista
Eukaryote
Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts
Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular
Autotroph or heterotroph
Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp
Fungi
Eukaryote
Cell walls of chitin
Most multicellular; some unicellular
Heterotroph
Mushrooms, yeasts
Eukarya
Plantae
Eukaryote
Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts
Multicellular
Autotroph
Mosses, ferns, flowering plants
Animalia
Eukaryote
No cell walls or chloroplasts
Multicellular
Heterotroph
Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals
Textbook p. 349
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27. B. Used to identify unfamiliar organism
IV. Dichotomous Keys
A. Dichotomous key: series of paired statements that describe physical characteristics of different organisms
B. Used to identify unfamiliar organism