1. Chapter 18
War and Terrorism

2. War and Peace: Basic Definitions
War- violent conflict among nations or organized groups
Peace- absence of violent conflict
Wars have always been part of human history
Over the centuries the level of war-related violence has increased
Twentieth century – thirteen major conflicts

3. The Increasing Destruction of War
War has been common throughout human history
Level and destructive nature of war (weaponry) has increased over time
The twentieth century and weapons of mass destruction-weapons that have the destructive capacity to kill many thousands of people at the same time

4. Causes of War Seven factors the promote the outbreak of war:
1. Perceived threats
2. Cultural and religious differences
3. Political objectives
4. Moral objectives
5. Wealth, power, and global standing
6. Social problems
7. Absence of alternatives

5. The Economic Costs of Militarism
Global military spending exceeds $1 trillion annually
U.S. defense budget for 2005 was $450 billion or about $1,500 for each person in the United States
Factors underlying military spending
The cold war era
Post cold war and the world is still a dangerous place

6. The Economic Costs of Militarism
Factors underlying military spending
Military-industrial complex-political alliance involving the federal government, the military, and the defense industries

7. The Economic Costs of War
Military spending
Destruction of the infrastructure of a society
Homes
Workplace
Water systems
Electrical and communication network
Other…

8. The Human Costs of War
Developments related to war in the twentieth century
Loss of human life has increased with the level of military technology
Total war-deadly conflict that targets population centers as well as military targets
Concentration camps-internment centers for prisoners confined for purposes of state security, exploitation, punishment, or execution

9. Conventional war crimes Crimes against humanity
The Human Costs of War
War Crimes-offense against the law of war as established by international agreements and international law
WW II and the Geneva Convention and three categories of war crimes
Crimes against peace
Conventional war crimes
Crimes against humanity

10. The Human Costs of War
WW II and the Geneva Convention recognized three categories of war crimes
1. Crimes against peace
starting or preparing to go to war against another nation
2. Conventional war crimes
murder, rape, torture or ill treatment of people in any occupied territory
3. Crimes against humanity
genocide

11. The Human Costs of War War and Children Loss life Orphaned
War-Related Disabilities
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Illness and disability

12. War in the Nuclear Age
Nuclear weapons-bombs that use nuclear reactions to generate enormous destructive force
The Increase and Spread of Nuclear Weapons
Major nuclear powers
United States
Russia
Israel
North Korea

13. War in the Nuclear Age
The Increase and Spread of Nuclear Weapons, or nuclear proliferation
Other countries with nuclear weapons
Great Britain
France
India
Pakistan
People’s Republic of China

14. War in the Nuclear Age The Effects of Nuclear War
Destruction of human life
Nuclear winter and the destruction of the ecosystem
Decline in temperature
Semi-darkness

15. Strategies for Peace
Deterrence- strategy to keep peace based on the threat of retaliation
MAD-mutual assured destruction
High-Technology Defense- the use of high technology, including satellites and ground installations, to shield the United States from attack
SDI-strategic defense initiative

16. Strategies for Peace
Arms Control- international agreements to limit the development, testing, production, and deployment of weapons
SALT-(1970s)strategic arms
limitation talks
START-(1991)strategic arms
reduction talk
Resolving Underlying Conflicts
Diplomacy and peace
negotiations

17. Terrorism
Terrorism-unlawful and typically random acts of violence or the threat of such violence employed by an individual, group, or government to achieve a political goal
State sponsored terrorism-one government provides money, weapons, and training for terrorists who engage in violence in another nation

18. Terrorism
Repressive state terrorism-government use of ruthless violence within its own borders to eliminate political opposition

19. The Extent of Terrorism
Terrorism: Global Perspective
Terrorism around the world
Irish Republican Army (IRA)
Post WWII and the militant faction of the Zionist movement
Current terrorism is directed towards U.S. interests
Al-Qaeda

20. The Extent of Terrorism
Terrorism in the United States
Post-slavery and the Ku Klux Klan
Employers and the labor movement
Industrial Workers of the World
Weather Underground group of the 1960s
Islamic fundamentalist (1993) group and the world trade center
Timothy McVeigh
September 11, 2001

21. Costs of Terrorism Loss of life
40,000 a year are harmed around the world on an annual basis
Psychological cost
Financial cost

22. Terrorism as a Type of War
Terrorism differs from conventional war:
1. The warring parties are not clearly known
2. The objectives of the terrorist groups are not clearly stated
3. Terrorism is asymmetrical

23. Strategies for Dealing with Terrorism
Make no concessions
Giving in only produces more terrorism
Prosecute terrorists
Apply economic sanctions
Against nations that sponsor terrorism
Use Military Force
Defend against terrorism
Address the root causes of terrorism
Examine underlying conflicts and conditions

24. Biological Theories of War
Konrad Lorenz
resort to violence to protect territory
instinctual matter of survival
Edward O. Wilson
war results from the innate tendency of aggression and competition

25. Structural-Functional Analysis: The Functions of Conflict
Functions of war
Establishing political boundaries
Uniting a population against a common enemy
Improving the status of minorities

26. Symbolic-Interaction Analysis: The Meanings of Conflict
Meanings that people attach to war and conflict
The use of symbols and meanings to mobilize a population to war
Symbols to define the nature of war and enemy

27. Social-Conflict Analysis: Inequality and Conflict
War is a function of the struggle for power and wealth
Haves and have nots
War evolves out of conflict or competition between groups or nations

28. Conservatives: Strength Means Security
Strong military
Increase military spending
Hard line against terrorists-bring them to justice
military response

29. Liberals: The Danger of Militarism
Necessary military force and spending to defend national interests
Impact of military spending on the society
Diplomacy

30. Radicals: The Need for Justice
Radicals on the left- root cause of war is inequality
Change the status of the poor people around the world
Move towards social justice around the world
U.S. is protecting U.S. interests around the world
Keeps corporate profits high