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Chapter 18 War and Terrorism.

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Presentation on theme: "Chapter 18 War and Terrorism."— Presentation transcript:

1 Chapter 18 War and Terrorism

2 War and Peace : Basic Definitions
War-violent conflict among nations or organized groups Peace-absence of violent conflict Wars have always been part of human history Twentieth century – thirteen major conflicts

3 The Increasing Destruction of War
War has been common throughout human history Level and destructive nature of war(weaponry) has increased over time The twentieth century and weapons of mass destruction-weapons that have the destructive capacity to kill many thousands of people at the same time

4 Causes of War Seven factors the promote the outbreak of war
1.Perceived threats 2.Cultural and religious differences 3.Political objectives 4.Moral objectives 5.Wealth and power 6.Social problems 7.Absence of alternatives

5 The Costs of Militarism
Global military spending exceeds $1 trillion annually U.S. defense budget for 2000 was $291 billion or about $2,000 for each person in the United States Factors underlying military spending The cold war era Post cold war and the world is still a dangerous place

6 The Costs of Militarism
Factors underlying military spending Military-industrial complex-political alliance involving the federal government the military and the defense industries

7 The Economic Costs of War
Military spending Destruction of the infrastructure of a society Homes Workplace Water systems Electrical and communication network Other…

8 The Human Costs of War Developments related to war in the twentieth century Loss of human life has increased with the level of military technology Total war-deadly conflict that targets population centers as well as military targets Concentration camps-internment centers for prisoners confined for purposes of state security, exploitation, punishment, or execution

9 The Human Costs of War War Crimes-offense against the law of war as established by international agreements and international law WW II and the Geneva Convention an three categories of war crimes 1.Crimes against peace -starting or preparing to go to war against another nation

10 The Human Costs of War WW II and the Geneva Convention an three categories of war crimes 2. Conventional war crimes -murder, rape, torture or ill treatment of people in any occupied territory 3.Crimes against humanity -genocide

11 The Human Costs of War War and Children- Loss life Orphaned
War-Related Disabilities Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Illness and disability

12 War in the Nuclear Age Nuclear weapons-bombs that use nuclear reactions to generate enormous destructive force The Increase and Spread of Nuclear Weapons Major nuclear powers United States Soviet Union

13 War in the Nuclear Age The Increase and Spread of Nuclear Weapons
Other countries with nuclear weapons Britain France China

14 War in the Nuclear Age Nuclear proliferation-acquisition of nuclear weapons technology by more nations Israel India Pakistan

15 War in the Nuclear Age Countries in the development process of nuclear weapons Iran Iraq North Korea Libya

16 War in the Nuclear Age The Effects of Nuclear War
Destruction of human life Nuclear winter and the destruction of the ecosystem Decline in temperature Semidarkness

17 Strategies for Peace Deterrence-strategy to keep peace based on the threat of retaliation -MAD-mutual assured destruction High-Technology Defense-the use of high technology, including satellites and ground installations, to shield the United States from attack -SDI-strategic defense initiative

18 Strategies for Peace Arms Control-international agreements to limit the development, testing, production, and deployment of weapons -SALT-(1970’s)strategic arms limitation talks -START-(1991)strategic arms reduction talk Resolving Underlying Conflicts -Diplomacy and peace negotiations

19 Terrorism Terrorism-unlawful and typically random acts of violence or the threat of such violence employed by an individual, group, or government to achieve a political goal State sponsored terrorism-one government provides money, weapons, and training for terrorists who engage in violence in another nation

20 Terrorism Repressive state terrorism-government use of ruthless violence within its own borders to eliminate political opposition

21 The Extent of Terrorism
Terrorism:Global Perspective Terrorism around the world Irish Republican Army (IRA) Post WWII and the Militant faction of the Zionist movement Current terrorism is directed towards the U.S.interests

22 The Extent of Terrorism
Terrorism in the United States Post slavery and the Ku Klux Klan Employers and the labor movement Industrial Workers of the World Weather Underground group of the 1960’s Islamic fundamentalist(1993) group and the world trade center Timothy McVeigh

23 Costs of Terrorism Loss of life
-20,000 a year are harmed around the world on an annual basis Psychological cost Financial cost

24 Strategies for Dealing with Terrorism
Make no concessions -giving in only produces more terrorism Prosecute terrorists Apply economic sanctions -against nations that sponsor terrorism Use Military Force Defend against terrorism

25 Strategies for Dealing with Terrorism
Address the root causes of terrorism -examine the causes of terrorism and propose solutions

26 Explaining War: Biological Theories
Konrad Lorenz -resort to violence to protect territory -instinctual matter of survival Edward O. Wilson-war results from the innate tendency of aggression and competition

27 Structural-Functional Analysis: The Functions of Conflict
Functions of war Establishing political boundaries Uniting a population against a common enemy Improving the status of minorities

28 Symbolic-Interaction Analysis: The Meanings of Conflict
Meanings that people attach to war and conflict The use of symbols and meanings to mobilize a population to war Symbols to define the nature of war and enemy

29 Social-Conflict Analysis: Inequality and Conflict
War is a function of the struggle for power and wealth -Haves and have nots War evolves out of conflict or competition between groups or nations

30 Conservatives: The Need for Strength
Strong military -Increase military spending Hard line against terrorists-bring them to justice -military response

31 Liberals: The Need for Justice
Necessary military force and spending to defend national interests Impact of military spending on the society Diplomacy

32 Radicals: The Need for Justice
Radicals on the left-root cause of war is inequality -Change the status of the poor people’s around the world Move towards social justice around the world


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