1. Respiration and Photosynthesis
Chemical Reactions that Transfer Energy from one Form to Another

2. Nutrition and Metabolism
Cells need energy and nutrients for…
Synthesis, growth, repair, locomotion, raw materials, and fuel
The taking in of nutrients is called ingestion
The breaking down of nutrients is called digestion
Building blocks are absorbed into cells
Animals and Fungi perform heterotrophic nutrition
Plants and algae perform autotrophic nutrition

3. Nutrition Organisms take in nutrients for:
Growth – in size and number of cells
Repair – making new cells to replace damaged ones
Synthesis – building of more molecules
Energy – fuel to make ATP
A. ingestion: taking in of food
B. Digestion: breaking down of food
Nutrients must be broken down into smaller parts so that they can be absorbed into the blood and cells
Starches are digested into simple sugars
Proteins are digested into amino acids

4. Autotrophic Nutrition
Organisms take in inorganic materials (CO2 & H2O) and covert them into organic nutrients (Glucose).
Auto = self troph = food autotroph = self feeder
What process does this? Photosynthesis
Example of organisms that are autotrophic are:
Plants, algae and some bacteria

5. Heterotrophic nutrition
Organisms must take in nutrients made by other organisms.
Hetero=other troph=food heterotroph= other eater
Examples of heterotrophs are: animals,fungi,some bacteria
Carnivores: animals that eat animals
Herbivores: animals that eat plants
Omnivores: animals that eat both animals and plants
Decomposers: fungi or bacteria that eat dead material

6. Photosynthesis Formula
CO2 + H2O + light C6H12O6 + O2
Carbon Dioxide + water + light glucose +oxygen
Photosynthesis traps the sun’s energy into chemical bond energy of glucose (a simple sugar).
A. Requires CO2, H2O and light
B. Makes glucose (sugar) which is used for food.
C. waste product produced is oxygen
Benefits:
Provides food for all organisms in the food chain
Provides oxygen to breathe
Removes CO2 from the atmosphere

7. Plant Adaptations Chloroplast: organelle that performs photosynthesis
Gas Exchange
Stomates: pores under a leaf which let gases in and out
Guard cells: open and close to prevent water loss
Xylem and Phloem: pipes which transport water and food through the plant

8. Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP
Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + ATP(energy)
Cellular respiration takes energy from sugar molecules and places it in molecules of ATP
a. ATP is the molecule all life uses for energy. Cells cannot get energy from the sun or from glucose.
b. requires glucose and oxygen.
c. waste products produced are CO2 and H2O
d. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen in the mitochondria.
e. Anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen but gives less ATP per glucose molecule.
When you exercise a lot, your muscles can run out of oxygen and their cells need to do anaerobic respiration. This produces Lactic Acid which causes muscles to “burn” so that you will stop!!

9. Photosynthesis and Respiration are opposite reactions!
Sun’s energy converted to ATP