1. Dealing with Other Nations
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2. Objectives Explain why Spain ceded Florida to the United States
Describe how Spanish territories in the Americas gained their independence
Explain why the Monroe Doctrine was issued
Discuss how Canada became self-governing

3. Focus Question
How did U.S. foreign affairs reflect new national confidence?

4. Spain & the Americas
1812: Spain controlled more territory in the Americas than any other European country
Spain’s control was weak in Florida – enslaved African Americans from Georgia and Alabama escaped into Florida and joined the Seminole Nation
The Seminoles often raided American settlements

5. How did the U.S. deal with the escapees?
1817: sent Andrew Jackson to recapture those who had escaped slavery
Jackson attacked and destroyed Seminole villages
Went far beyond orders: seized two important Spanish towns and forced the governor to flee Florida
Jackson’s attack on Florida proved that Spain could not protect Florida

6. What do you think Jackson’s personality must have been like?
An excerpt from his presidency (later down the road):
“Jackson's powerful personality played an instrumental role in his presidency. He indulged in violent hatreds, and the extent to which his political positions reflected mere personal animus is still debated. Jackson demonized many of those who crossed him, including John C. Calhoun, Henry Clay, Bank of the United States president Nicholas Biddle, and Cherokee Indian chief John Ross. Jackson's own character polarized contemporaries and continues to divide historians. Some praise his strength and audacity; others see him as vengeful and self-obsessed. To admirers he stands as a shining symbol of American accomplishment, the ultimate individualist and democrat. To detractors he appears an incipient tyrant, the closest we have yet come to an American Caesar.”

7. Do you understand how Jackson’s personality could lead others into thinking of him like this?

8. The Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819
Since Spain could not protect Florida, it decided to give up the territory and a sign treaty
Spain ceded, or gave up, Florida to the United States
How did Andrew Jackson’s actions against the Seminoles demonstrate the power of the United States?
By seizing Spanish towns as well as destroying Seminole villages, he showed Spain that the U.S. could take Florida any time it wanted

9. Other Spanish Colonies
The American and French Revolutions inspired Latin Americans
Revolutionary movements were growing in almost all of the Spanish colonies

10. Mexico Breaks Away
1810: Miguel Hidalgo organized an army of Native Americans that freed several Mexican provinces
Hidalgo was captured and executed by troops loyal to Spain
1820: Another revolution broke out – Spain could not handle the fighting and agreed to Mexico’s independence

11. Independence for South and Central America
Simon Bolivar: led independence movements in the northern part of South America
Defeated the Spanish and became president of the independent Republic of Great Colombia
Includes today’s nations of: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Panama
By 1825, most parts of Latin America followed suit and had thrown off European rule

12. European Powers (like France and Russia) indicated they might help Spain regain its colonies…
Why might this worry President James Monroe?
What might the United States do in response?

13. The British were also worried…
Both nations wanted to protect trade with Latin America
1823: Britain suggested that the two countries issue a joint statement
Statement would announce their determination to protect the freedom of the new nations of Latin America
How do you think the U.S. responds?

14. The Monroe Doctrine
Secretary John Adams told President Monroe he thought the U.S. should take action alone
Believed a joint statement would make the U.S. look like Britain’s junior partner
In a message to Congress in December 1823, the President stated what is known as the Monroe Doctrine: The United States would not allow European nations to create American colonies or interfere with the free nations of Latin America

15. Colonial Canada
Canada remained a British colony after the American Revolution
1791: divided into two parts – Upper Canada (British) and Lower Canada (French)
British learned a lesson from the United States: they could no longer deny rights from the Canadians
What do you think the British did to maintain control of Canada?

16. Colonial Canada
British gave Canadians more powers of self- government… what is self-government?
the right of people to rule themselves independently
A step in that direction--- The Act of Union of 1841: merged Canada’s two parts into a single Canadian legislature
However, Britain still had ultimate control

17. Contrast the British reactions to rebellions by Canadians and the American colonists.
Britain learned a lesson from the American experience and realized it would have to grant Canadians some self-government to keep Canada loyal to Britain

18. U.S. relations with Canada
had their own disagreements
tensions were high when the U.S. unsuccessfully tried to invade Canada in the War of 1812
Eventually, the U.S. and Canada ended their border disputes and established excellent relations
Relations remain strong to this day

19. Focus Question Re-visited
How did foreign affairs reflect new national confidence?
The United States signaled that it was ready to take an active role in shaping events in the Western Hemisphere