1. HL Topic 7 Further anatomy
Following on from SL Topic 1
Links to TOK:
Classical anatomical studies separate the human body into discrete systems. To what extent can separating components give us knowledge of the whole?
Links to Topic 12:
Genetics
Race
Suggested hours: 7
Leanne Farmer RCHK 2016

2. 7.1 The Skin System (obj 1)
Annotate a diagram of the generalized structure of the skin

3. SKIN– one of largest organs in body in surface and weigh
7.1.1
SKIN– one of largest organs in body in surface and weigh t
2 layers: EPIDERMIS and
DERMIS
Beneath DERMIS
lies HYPODERMIS/SUBCUTANEOUS FATTY TISSUE
3 main functions:
TO PROTECT, REGULATE AND FEEL SENSATION

4. 7.1.1 Label the diagram below:
A Epidermis, B Dermis, C Fatty Tissue, D Nerve, E Sweat gland, F Oil gland C D F

5. 7.1.1 Label the diagram below:C
A Hair, B Melanocyte, C Sweat gland, D Sebaceous gland, E Hair erector muscle, F Blood vessels, G Pacinian corpuscle F E G

6. Quick Quiz

7. 7.1.1 Skills and practicals Skill: Collect dry skin
View under a light microscope
Application: View structure of cells at the microscopic level 
Skill: Explore the diagram and locating the structures on
   

8. 7.1.2 Describe the functions of the skin.
Regulation of body temperature
Protection and immunity
Sensation
Excretion
Synthesis of vitamin D

9. 7.1.2 Regulation of body temperature
Skill:
Experimental application- Weigh a plaster/band aid before exercise and after exercise
Place on forehead and note the amount of perspiration with various conditions or length of exercise
Application:
Looking at function of Skin Excretion/ Perspiration. External thermometers measuring skin temp and the change with exercise
Extra reading:

10. 7.1.2 Regulation of body temperature

11. Why is this important to athletes?
Brainstorm ideas e.g sweat
Sweat glands, e.g. cricketer Alistair Cook shines the cricket ball because it has been proven he is the least ‘sweaty’ of the team.
Athletes training in hot temperatures
The amount of sweating Formula 1 drivers do during a race (they lose 4kg every race)

12. 7.1.2 Protection and immunity
Skin forms a physical barrier through specialised cells of immune system within the layers of the skin.
These cells detect bacteria and viruses which there job is to destroy.
These cells produce proteins called antibodies that attack the invading cells called antigens
They ‘trap’ the antigens and destroy.
Relevance to athletes: Overtraining and effects
on immune system

13. 7.1.2 Sensation A sensation or feeling localised on the skin surface.
Touch
Pain These feelings are processed through
Heat nerve endings and receptors in the dermis.
Cold

14. 7. 1. 2 Excretion https://www. youtube. com/results
Waste removal: Sweat glands rid the body of waste such as: Urea Uric acid from proteins Ammonia Sweat glands also regulate body temperature and cool the body when overheating Sebaceous glands excrete sebum that acts as a water repellent and a natural antibacterial and antifungal agent. (If blocked, it can cause acne)

15. 7. 1. 2 Synthesis of Vitamin D https://www. youtube. com/watch
Main source of Vit D is from sunlight.
We need Vit D to aid with the absorption of calcium, iron, magnesium phosphate and zinc through the liver and kidney.
The epidermal cells convert the ultraviolet rays into Vit D.
TOK links:
Some controversy surrounding over-use of sunblock. It is important we get at least 30 minutes per day of sunlight without the use of sunblock.

16. 7.2 Structure and Function of the brain (obj 1)

17. 7.2.1 and 7.2.2 skills and practical
Skill: Be able to label a diagram of the brain.
Application: Brain dissection and locating the principal structures of the brain. (If possible, Pig?)    
     

18. 7.2.1 Label the following: The brain stem The diencephalon
The 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum
The cerebellum
Skill: To build and label the different sections/lobes of the brain.
Application: Understand the principle lobes by using playdough / Play Doh to build a structure and label with toothpick flags.Application: Use website to see 3D view of the lobes and cerebrum.  

19. 7.2.1 Label the location of the principal structures of the brain.

20. 7.2.1 The 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum

21. 7. 2. 2 Principal lobes of the cerebrum. https://www. youtube
7.2.2 Principal lobes of the cerebrum. (A bit corny but good explanation!)
Application: Use website to see 3D view of the lobes and cerebrum.

22. 7.2.2 Label the following:
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Limbic lobe
Skill: To build and label the different sections/lobes of the brain.
Application: Extension Task- With toothpick flags connect a photo to match the function of the brain e.g. occipital lobe has an attachment picture of a eye.

23. 7.2.2 Label the lobes! B A C
A: Frontal Lobe. B: Limbic Lobe. C: Parietal Lobe. D: Temporal Lobe. E: Occipital Lobe. E D

24. 7.2.3 Outline blood supply to the brain (obj 2)

25. 7.2.3 Blood supply to the brain
For the brain to function it requires adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients.
These are supplied through a network of blood vessels.
Blood is supplied to the brain from 2 sets of vessels
1. Left and Right carotid arteries
2. Left and Right vertebral arteries
The Carotid arteries split in 2. External and Internal.
External – supply blood to face and scalp
Internal – supply blood to most of cerebrum

26. 7.2.3 Blood supply to the brain
Brachiocephalic trunk
An artery that supplies blood to the right arm, head and neck.

27. 7.2.3 Blood supply to the brain
Blood-brain barrier (BBB)
This protects the brain from ‘foreign substances’ that may injure the brain.
Maintains a constant environment for the brain.
It is a highly selective barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid in the CNS.

28. 7.2.4 Describe the principal source of energy for brain cells (obj 2)
Brain obtains energy using glucose and oxygen, which pass rapidly from the blood to the brain cells.
Aerobic respiration helps to make ATP within the brain.
CHO storage in the brain is limited, so the supply of glucose must be continuous.
If blood entering brain is low on glucose or oxygen,we can suffer:
mental confusion, dizziness, convulsions and loss of consciousness
(Linked to Topic 3 Energy Systems)

29. 7.2.4 Energy to brain cells

30. 7.2.5 Explain the function of the principal parts of the brain (obj 3)
Brain stem:
Regulates vital body functions such as cardiac and respiratory functions and acts as a vehicle for sensory information.

31. 7.2.5 Brain Stem
Posterior part of the brain adjoining the spinal cord.
It is the control centre for the regulation of cardiac and respiratory function, consciousness and sleep cycle.
It is made up of MEDULLA OBLONGATA, PONS AND MIDBRAIN.
Medulla Oblongata regulates breathing, heart and blood vessel function.
It is the centre for respiration and circulation.

32. 7.2.5 Brain Stem - Diencephalon
Diencephalon is located at the upper end of the brain stem.
Made up of 4 components but we will look at only 2:
THALAMUS
Sensations – pain, temperature, pressure, cognition.
HYPOTHALAMUS
Control of autonomic nervous system (ANS).
Heart rate, blood pressure, pituitary gland, body temp,appetite, thirst, fluid and electrolyte balance, circadian rhythms.

33. 7. 2. 5 Diencephalon http://study
7.2.5 Diencephalon (if have an account)
Link to Topic 8

34. 7.2.5 Cerebrum https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=cerebrum
The Cerebrum is responsible for high-level brain functions such as thinking, language, emotion and motivation.
The function has 3 broad processes:
1. Sensory (receiving sensory impulses
2. Association (interpreting and storing input and initiating a response)
3. Motor (transmitting impulses to effectors)

35. 7.2.5 Cerebrum
Within the cerebrum, there are 5 lobes. Although the lobes do not function independently, each lobe is associated with: 1. Frontal lobe 2. Parietal lobe 3. Occipital lobe 4. Temporal lobe 5. Limbic lobe

36. 7.2.5 Cerebrum

37. 7.2.5 Cerebrum …and Limbic lobe
Processes emotion, behaviour, motivation, long term memory.

38. 7.2.5 Cerebellum

39. 7.2.5 Cerebellum
The Cerebellum is responsible for coordinating movements, regulate balance, posture and helps skilled motor activities such as catching a ball to dancing.
Walnut shaped
Located at the top part of brain stem
It receives information from sensory systems, the spinal cord.