1. States of Matter 6.1 Matter exists in different physical states. 6.2
CHAPTER
NEW CHAPTER
States of Matter
the BIG idea
Particles of matter are in constant motion.
6.1
Matter exists in different physical states.
6.2
Temperature depends on particle movement.
6.3
Changes of state are physical changes.
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2. Matter exists in different physical states.
6.1
Matter exists in different physical states.
CALIFORNIA
Content Standards
8.3.d Students know the states of matter (solid, liquid, gas) depend on molecular motion.
8.3.e Students know that in solids the atoms are closely locked in position and can only vibrate; in liquids the atoms and molecules are more loosely connected and can collide with and move past one another; and in gases the atoms and molecules are free to move independently, colliding frequently.
states of matter
solid
liquid
gas
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3. 6.1 states of matter Matter exists in different physical states.
solid
The different forms in which matter can exist. Three familiar states are solid, liquid, and gas.
liquid
gas
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4. 6.1 solid Matter exists in different physical states.
states of matter
solid
solid
Matter that has a definite shape and a definite volume. The molecules in a solid are in fixed positions and are close together.
liquid
gas
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5. Matter exists in different physical states.
6.1
Matter exists in different physical states.
Solids have a fixed volume and a fixed shape.
states of matter
solid
liquid
gas
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6. 6.1 liquid Matter exists in different physical states.
states of matter
liquid
solid
Matter that has a definite volume but does not have a definite shape. The molecules in a liquid are close together but not bound to one another.
liquid
gas
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7. Matter exists in different physical states.
6.1
Matter exists in different physical states.
Solids have a fixed volume and a fixed shape.
states of matter
Liquids have a fixed volume but no fixed shape.
solid
liquid
gas
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8. 6.1 gas Matter exists in different physical states.
states of matter
gas
solid
Matter with no definite volume and no definite shape. The molecules in a gas are very far apart, and the amount of space between them can change easily.
liquid
gas
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KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

9. Matter exists in different physical states.
6.1
Matter exists in different physical states.
Solids have a fixed volume and a fixed shape.
states of matter
Liquids have a fixed volume but no fixed shape.
solid
Gases have no fixed volume and no fixed shape.
liquid
gas
CHAPTER
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SECTION
OUTLINE

10. Matter exists in different physical states.
6.1
Matter exists in different physical states.
Solids have a fixed volume and a fixed shape.
states of matter
Liquids have a fixed volume but no fixed shape.
solid
Gases have no fixed volume and no fixed shape.
liquid
gas
SIMULATION
Explore the behavior of a gas.
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11. Plasmas Plasma-The most common state of matter in the universe
-are gases whose particles have so much energy that they become electrically charged.
Examples-Stars and lightning are naturally occurring plasmas.
Examples-Fluorescent lights and plasma television displays are man-made uses of plasma.

12. 6.2 CALIFORNIA Content Standards
Temperature depends on particle movement.
CALIFORNIA
Content Standards
8.3.e Students know that in solids the atoms are closely locked in position and can only vibrate; in liquids the atoms and molecules are more loosely connected and can collide with and move past one another; and in gases the atoms and molecules are free to move independently, colliding frequently.
kinetic theory of matter
temperature
thermometer
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13. All Matter is made of moving particles
Kinetic Energy- The energy of motion
Particles in a solid are held tightly together and cannot move very much except to vibrate back and forth.

14. All Matter is made of moving particles
Particles in a liquid move around much more freely than particles in a solid.
-They constantly tumble and slide over each other.
Particles in a gas are far apart from each other and move at high speeds.
-They might collide but otherwise don't interact very much.

15. kinetic theory of matter
6.2
Temperature depends on particle movement.
kinetic theory of matter
kinetic theory of matter
temperature
-all particles that make up matter are constantly in motion.
-A moving object has the most kinetic energy at the point where it moves the fastest.
thermometer
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16. 6.2 temperature Temperature depends on particle movement.
kinetic theory of matter
temperature
temperature
A measure of the average amount of kinetic energy of the particles in an object.
thermometer
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17. 6.2 Temperature and Kinetic Energy
kinetic theory of matter
• Particles in a warmer substance have a greater average kinetic energy than particles in a cooler substance.
temperature
thermometer
cold liquid
hot liquid
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18. 6.2 Temperature and Kinetic Energy
•The relationship between temperature and energy explains why objects heat up or cool off.
***For example, in order to warm your hands, energy must be added in the form of heat to make particles move faster.
-This makes the hands warmer.
-A hot bowl of soup cools down due to collisions between its particles and the cooler, slower-moving particles of air, which cause the particles in the soup to slow down. •
kinetic theory of matter •
temperature
thermometer •
VISUALIZATION
Explore how temperature affects the speed of particles.
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19. Temperature and Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy depends on mass as well as speed.
***Example-Particles in a doorknob move more slowly than particles in the air; however, the metal atoms in a doorknob are much heavier, which gives them kinetic energy.
The air and the doorknob can have the same average kinetic energy and, therefore, the same temperature.

20. Temperature can be Measured
Temperature is measured on different scales.
A temperature scale is usually defined by giving values to the boiling point of water and the freezing point of water.

21. Temperature can be Measured
The Fahrenheit scale has wide use in the United States, from weather reports to cooking instructions.
It was developed in the early 1700s by Gabriel Fahrenheit.
The freezing point of water is 32°F (degrees Fahrenheit),
The boiling point of water is 212°F.

22. Temperature can be Measured
The Celsius scale is the temperature scale used in most of the world.
It was developed in the 1740s by Anders Celsius.
The freezing point of water is 0°C (degrees Celsius), and
The boiling point of water is 100°C.
If the air temperature is 30°C, it is a nice warm day (equal to 86°F).

23. 6.2 Temperature can be Measured thermometer
kinetic theory of matter
A device for measuring temperature.
In a mercury thermometer, liquid mercury expands when it heats up and contracts when it cools down.
Ex-The liquid expands along a thin tube lined with numbers that record the temperature.
Since mercury is dangerous, most thermometers made today use alcohol.
temperature
thermometer
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KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

24. Temperature can be Measured
Other thermometers measure the electrical properties of a material inside the thermometer as the temperature changes.
These thermometers can be read by a computer and are often used in cars and homes.

25. Changes of states are physical changes.
6.3
Changes of states are physical changes.
CALIFORNIA
Content Standards
8.5.d Students know physical processes include freezing and boiling, in which a material changes form with no chemical reaction.
8.7.c Students know substances can be classified by their properties, including their melting temperature, density, hardness, and thermal and electrical conductivity.
melting
melting point
freezing
freezing point
evaporation
sublimation
boiling
boiling point
condensation
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OUTLINE

26. Changes of states are physical changes.
6.3
Changes of states are physical changes.
Matter can change from a solid to a liquid and from a liquid to a gas.
melting
melting point
freezing
freezing
freezing point
Solid
Liquid
evaporation
melting
sublimation
boiling
condensation
boiling point
condensation
Liquid
Gas
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evaporation, boiling
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27. 6.3 melting Changes of states are physical changes.
melting point
freezing
The process by which a substance changes from its solid state to its liquid state.
freezing point
evaporation
sublimation
boiling
boiling point
condensation
CHAPTER
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KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

28. 6.3 melting point Changes of states are physical changes.
freezing
The temperature at which a substance changes from its solid state to its liquid state through melting.
freezing point
evaporation
sublimation
boiling
boiling point
condensation
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29. 6.3 freezing Changes of states are physical changes.
melting
freezing
melting point
freezing
The process by which a substance changes from its liquid state into its solid state.
freezing point
evaporation
sublimation
boiling
boiling point
condensation
CHAPTER
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KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

30. 6.3 freezing point Changes of states are physical changes.
melting
freezing point
melting point
freezing
The temperature at which a substance changes from its liquid state to its solid state through freezing.
freezing point
evaporation
sublimation
boiling
boiling point
condensation
CHAPTER
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KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

31. 6.3 evaporation Changes of states are physical changes.
melting
evaporation
melting point
freezing
A process by which a substance changes from its liquid state to its gas state by random particle movement. Evaporation usually occurs at the surface of a liquid over a wide range of temperatures.
freezing point
evaporation
sublimation
boiling
boiling point
condensation
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KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

32. 6.3 sublimation Changes of states are physical changes.
melting
sublimation
melting point
freezing
The process by which a substance changes directly from its solid state to its gas state without becoming a liquid first.
freezing point
evaporation
sublimation
boiling
boiling point
condensation
CHAPTER
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33. 6.3 boiling Changes of states are physical changes.
melting
boiling
melting point
freezing
A process by which a substance changes from its liquid state to its gas state. The liquid is heated to a specific temperature at which bubbles of vapor form within the liquid.
freezing point
evaporation
sublimation
boiling
boiling point
condensation
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34. 6.3 boiling point Changes of states are physical changes.
melting
boiling point
melting point
freezing
The temperature at which a substance changes from its liquid state to its gas state through boiling.
freezing point
evaporation
sublimation
boiling
boiling point
condensation
CHAPTER
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KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

35. 6.3 condensation Changes of states are physical changes.
melting
condensation
melting point
freezing
The process by which a gas changes into a liquid.
freezing point
evaporation
sublimation
boiling
boiling point
condensation
CHAPTER
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KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

36. Matter exists in different physical states.
6.1
Matter exists in different physical states.
I. Matter exists in different physical states.
states of matter
A. Particle arrangement and motion determine the state of matter.
solid
B. Solid, liquid, and gas are common states of matter.
liquid
gas
C. Solids have a definite volume and shape.
D. Liquids have a definite volume but no definite shape.
E. Gases have no definite volume or shape.
1. Gas Composition
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2. Plasmas
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

37. 6.2 Temperature depends on particle movement.
II. Temperature depends on particle movement.
kinetic theory of matter
A. All matter is made of moving particles.
1. The Kinetic Theory of Matter
temperature
thermometer
2. Temperature and Kinetic Energy
B. Temperature can be measured.
1. Temperature Scales
2. Thermometers
3. Thermal Expansion
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38. Changes of states are physical changes.
6.3
Changes of states are physical changes.
III. Changes of states are physical changes.
melting
A. Matter can change from one state to another.
melting point
B. Solids can become liquids, and liquids can become solids.
freezing
freezing point
1. Melting
evaporation
2. Freezing
sublimation
C. Liquids can become gases, and gases can become liquids.
boiling
boiling point
1. Evaporation
condensation
2. Boiling
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3. Condensation
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

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