1. Temperature and Heat 4.1 Temperature depends on particle movement. 4.2
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NEW CHAPTER
Temperature and Heat
the BIG idea
Heat is a flow of energy due to temperature differences.
4.1
Temperature depends on particle movement.
4.2
Energy flows from warmer to cooler objects.
4.3
The transfer of energy as heat can be controlled.
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2. 4.1 Temperature depends on particle movement.
• All particles in matter have kinetic energy.
• Temperature is the measurement of the average kinetic energy of particles in an object.
kinetic theory of matter
• Temperature is commonly measured on the Fahrenheit or Celsius scales.
temperature
degree
• Particles in a warmer substance have a greater average kinetic energy than particles in a cooler substance.
thermometer
cold liquid
hot liquid
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3. 4.1 Temperature depends on particle movement.
• All particles in matter have kinetic energy.
• Temperature is the measurement of the average kinetic energy of particles in an object.
kinetic theory of matter
• Temperature is commonly measured on the Fahrenheit or Celsius scales.
temperature
degree
• Particles in a warmer substance have a greater average kinetic energy than particles in a cooler substance.
thermometer
VISUALIZATION
Explore how temperature affects the speed of particles.
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4. kinetic theory of matter
4.1
Temperature depends on particle movement.
kinetic theory of matter
kinetic theory of matter
temperature
The energy of motion. A moving object has the most kinetic energy at the point where it moves the fastest.
degree
thermometer
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KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

5. 4.1 temperature Temperature depends on particle movement.
kinetic theory of matter
temperature
temperature
A measure of the average amount of kinetic energy of the particles in an object.
degree
thermometer
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KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

6. 4.1 degree Temperature depends on particle movement.
kinetic theory of matter
degree
temperature
Evenly divided units of a temperature scale.
degree
thermometer
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KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

7. 4.1 thermometer Temperature depends on particle movement.
kinetic theory of matter
thermometer
temperature
A device for measuring temperature.
degree
thermometer
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KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

8. Energy flows from warmer to cooler objects.
4.2
Energy flows from warmer to cooler objects.
• Heat is a transfer of energy from an object at a higher temperature.
heat
• Energy is transferred from the warmer lemonade to the cold ice through heat.
thermal energy
• Different materials require different amounts of energy to change temperature.
calorie
joule
ice
heat
specific heat
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OUTLINE

9. 4.2 heat Energy flows from warmer to cooler objects.
thermal energy
1. The flow of energy from an object at a higher temperature to an object at a lower temperature.
calorie
joule
specific heat
2. Energy that is transferred from a warmer object to a cooler object.
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KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

10. 4.2 thermal energy Energy flows from warmer to cooler objects.
heat
thermal energy
thermal energy
The energy an object has due to the motion of its particles; the total amount of kinetic energy of particles in an object.
calorie
joule
specific heat
CHAPTER
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KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

11. 4.2 calorie Energy flows from warmer to cooler objects.
heat
calorie
thermal energy
The amount of energy needed to increase the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius.
calorie
joule
specific heat
CHAPTER
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KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

12. 4.2 joule Energy flows from warmer to cooler objects.
heat
joule
thermal energy
A unit used to measure energy and work. One calorie is equal to 4.18 joules of energy; one joule of work is done when a force of one newton moves an object one meter.
calorie
joule
specific heat
CHAPTER
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KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

13. 4.2 specific heat Energy flows from warmer to cooler objects.
thermal energy
The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius.
calorie
joule
specific heat
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KEY CONCEPT
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14. The transfer of energy as heat can be controlled.
4.3
The transfer of energy as heat can be controlled.
• Energy can be transferred by conduction, convection, and radiation.
conduction
• Different materials are used to control the transfer of energy.
conductor
insulator
Types of Energy Transfer
convection
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
radiation
• Energy transferred by direct contact
• Energy transferred by electromagnetic waves such as light, microwaves, and infrared radiation
• Occurs in gases and liquids
• Energy flows directly from warmer object to cooler object
• Movement of large number of particles in same direction
• All objects radiate energy
• Occurs due to difference in density
• Can occur within one object
• Can transfer energy through empty space
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• Cycle occurs while temperature differences exist
• Continues until object temperatures are equal
SECTION
OUTLINE

15. The transfer of energy as heat can be controlled.
4.3
The transfer of energy as heat can be controlled.
• Energy can be transferred by conduction, convection, and radiation.
conduction
• Different materials are used to control the transfer of energy.
conductor
insulator
convection
SIMULATION
Identify examples of conduction, convection, or radiation.
radiation
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16. 4.3 conduction The transfer of energy as heat can be controlled.
conductor
The process by which energy is transferred from a warmer object to a cooler object by means of physical contact.
insulator
convection
radiation
CHAPTER
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KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

17. 4.3 conductor The transfer of energy as heat can be controlled.
conduction
conductor
conductor
1. A material that transfers energy easily.
insulator
2. A material that transfers electric charge easily.
convection
radiation
CHAPTER
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KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

18. 4.3 insulator The transfer of energy as heat can be controlled.
conduction
insulator
conductor
1. A material that does not transfer energy easily.
insulator
convection
2. A material that does not transfer electric charge easily.
radiation
CHAPTER
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KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

19. 4.3 convection The transfer of energy as heat can be controlled.
conduction
convection
conductor
A process by which energy is transferred in gases and liquids, occurring when a warmer, less dense area of gas or liquid is pushed up by a cooler, more dense area of the gas or liquid.
insulator
convection
radiation
CHAPTER
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KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

20. 4.3 radiation The transfer of energy as heat can be controlled.
conduction
radiation
conductor
Energy that travels across distances in the form of electromagnetic waves.
insulator
convection
radiation
CHAPTER
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KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

21. 4.1 Temperature depends on particle movement.
I. Temperature depends on particle movement.
kinetic theory of matter
A. All matter is made of moving particles.
temperature
1. The Kinetic Theory of Matter
degree
2. Temperature and Kinetic Energy
thermometer
B. Temperature can be measured.
1. Temperature Scales
2. Thermometers
3. Thermal Expansion
CHAPTER
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KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

22. Energy flows from warmer to cooler objects.
4.2
Energy flows from warmer to cooler objects.
II. Energy flows from warmer to cooler objects.
heat
A. Heat is different from temperature.
thermal energy
1. Heat and Thermal Energy
calorie
2. Measuring Heat
joule
B. Some substances change temperature more easily than others.
specific heat
1. Specific Heat
2. Specific Heat and Mass
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

23. The transfer of energy as heat can be controlled.
4.3
The transfer of energy as heat can be controlled.
III. The transfer of energy as heat can be controlled.
conduction
A. Energy moves as heat in three ways.
conductor
1. Conduction
insulator
2. Convection
convection
3. Radiation
radiation
B. Different materials are used to control the transfer of energy.
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

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VISUALIZATION
Explore how temperature affects the speed of particles.
SIMULATION
Identify examples of conduction, convection, or radiation.

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