1. ** The Dispute over Kashmir**

3. How it started….
British colonial India was partitioned into West Pakistan, East Pakistan and India
Divisions were created by religious majorities
Mass migrations of people
Hindus India
Muslims Pakistan
Kashmir had a Hindu ruler, Maharajah Hari Singh but a Muslim majority (couldn’t make up his mind)

4. History, continued…
Chaos within his state led him to request armed assistance from India (1947)
“Temporary” control was given to India with the promise of a national referendum to decide which country they would join.
This ignited the first of the India-Pakistan wars
In 1949 the UN arranged a cease-fire
The Karachi Agreement established a “temporary” Line of Control – 2/3 to India (small section controlled by China), 1/3 to Pakistan
Still exists today

6. History, continued… Second India-Pakistan War 1965, ceasefire in 1966
Third India-Pakistan War 1971, did not involve Kashmir – led to the creation of Bangladesh
Distance and religious differences led to war
Numerous Islamic militant groups emerged
Fight against India evolved from nationalist cause into an Islamic movement

7. Issues Today Religious Nonreligious
Hindu-Muslim religious clashes involve border incursions by Kashmiri freedom fighters.
India claims these fighters are Pakistan Army regulars
Muslim insurgents also conduct terrorist attacks inside India
Nonreligious
India’s need to import Central Asia’s oil & gas deposits
Control of water- Indus River
Begins in India but flows through Pakistan
Khyber Pass
Nuclear Weapons
Some in Kashmir wish to be independent
Unresolved disputes

8. Sri Lanka

9. History Ancient trading port due to location
Claimed by British East India Company
Became a crown colony in 1802
Called Ceylon by the British
Gained independence in 1948
Civil war

10. Who was fighting.. Sinhalese Tamil
Ethnic majority 80% of the population
Buddhist
Currently in control of the government
Tamil
Ethnic minority 10% of the population
Hindus
Favored by the British
Want an independent state in Northeast of country
Have been forced into government controlled camps

11. Tamil Tigers (TAMILEELAM)
Listed as a terrorist organization
Has carried out more suicide bombings than any other terrorist group
Claim actions are justified b/c of suppression by majority Sinhalese
Discrimination
Violence
Education
Language- Sinhala
Religion- Buddhism
Many ceasefires, but fighting continued
/srilanka/

12. Sri Lanka Today Leaders of the Tamil Tigers killed
Government defeated Tamil Tigers and ended war- May 19, 2009
80,000 died