1. Chapter 9 An Empire for Liberty 1790-1824
© 2015 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

2. In 1800, the U.S. surrounded by European colonies
The New Nation
An Optimistic Future:
Economic growth
Eastern cities dominate trade
Only 3 percent of Americans lived in cities
Westward expansion
By 1800, 500,000 Americans lived in Trans-Appalachia
Cincinnati serves as major trading center for Ohio Valley
In 1800, the U.S. surrounded by European colonies
The population of the United States continued to expand in the decades after the Revolution. One of the areas experiencing the greatest amount of growth was the Trans-Appalachian region.
While most Americans continued to work as farmers, an increasing number began to make a living in commercial economy, buying and selling goods with people around the world as well as with one another.
The new resident claimed that the United States was the “world’s best hope” for social progress because it had the “strongest government on the earth." The future was bright.

3. To the West and South: The Spanish Empire
New Orleans river traffic increased annually
Americans fearful that whomever controlled New Orleans could choke off commerce along the Mississippi River

4. MAP 9.1 North America in 1800 MAP 9.1 North America in 1800
In 1800, the new United States of America shared the North American continent with territories held by the European powers: British Canada, French Louisiana (secretly ceded that year to France by Spain), Spanish Florida, Spanish Mexico, and Russian Alaska, expanding southward along the Pacific Coast. Few people could have imagined that by 1850, the United States would span the continent. But the American settlers who had crossed the Appalachians to the Ohio River Valley were already convinced that opportunity lay in the West.

5. Neutral Shipping in a World at War
In 1790, American shipping had been hurt by the end of ties with Great Britain
America rebounds with the outbreak of war in Europe
American neutrality vastly expanded trade
Fuels the growth of American coastal cities
Shipbuilding industry grows in new England
The South was heavily involved in selling their crops overseas.

6. Jeffersonian Republicanism
The “People’s President”
First to be inaugurated in the new capital
Demonstrated Republican simplicity
Envisioned a nation of small family farms
Expand the electorate
Hoped the Native Americans would convert or move west of the Mississippi River
Jefferson was the first president to be inaugurated in the new capitol city. At the time, the city was not complete, but Congress and the Supreme Court had followed the president there nonetheless.
Jefferson’s election as president was the first time that the presidency had shifted from one party to another. No one was quite sure what would happen when it occurred. His election had been extremely close and had been thrown into the House of Representatives after no candidate won the electoral vote.
Jefferson’s deliberate display of Republican simplicity set the tone for his administration. He wanted Americans to notice the differences between the monarchical trappings of the Federalists and the down-to-earth frugality of the Republicans. Jefferson Americans to “unite with one heart and one mind.”
Jefferson openly cultivated congressional support. To cultivate Federalists support, Jefferson chose men from New England for the positions of attorney general, secretary of war, and postmaster general.

7. Political Tensions Marbury v. Madison A landmark case:
William Marbury denied appointment
Sues James Madison for his commission
Chief Justice John Marshall rules against Marbury…….why????
A landmark case:
First time a federal law declared invalid
Establishes judicial review
Jefferson’s administration would face its first serious crisis with the way it handled the Midnight Appointments of John Adams. After his defeat for reelection, Adams and the Federalist Senate appointed people to positions on the judiciary across the land. All that was waiting for them to take their position was their letters of appointment, which the new administration refused to deliver.
William Marbury was one of those who failed to receive the letter. When secretary of state James Madison refused to give it to him, he sued Madison, starting at the Supreme Court, which under the Judiciary Act of 1789 was given the power to force Madison to give it to him (known as a writ of mandamus). In a surprise move, the Supreme Court, instead of siding with Marbury, declared section 13 of the Judiciary Act unconstitutional, as laws of Congress cannot give the Supreme Court powers. Although it was a loss for Marbury, it was a win for the Supreme Court, as it appropriated a power that it had not been given.

8. Jefferson’s Domestic Policies
Accepted Hamilton’s Bank
Strove to reduce size of federal govt.
Pay down federal debt
Repealed Whiskey Tax
Maintained import tariffs
Supported westward settlement
As would be the custom in the new party system, Jefferson would “tweak” the policies of the previous administrations to his viewpoint. Case in point, although he detested the Bank of the United States, he came to understand the important role it played in the financial dealings of the nation.
Jefferson reduced the size, expense, and power of the federal government.
One of the most important ramifications of his administration was the abolishment of the slave trade as of January 1, 1808.

9. The Louisiana Purchase
Purchased from France for 15 million dollars (Livingston & Monroe)
Doubled the size of the U.S. (875,000 square miles)
Was this constitutional?????
“Corp of Discovery” Explorers
Meriwether Lewis
William Clark
Sacagawea
To discover the extent of the Louisiana Purchase, Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark to explore the land west of the Mississippi. They would be gone two years.
Lewis and Clark added to their party remarkable young Shoshone woman named Sacagawea. She was an enormous help as guide, translator, and negotiator in the uncharted territory.
© 2015 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

10. Explorations of the Louisiana Purchase, 1804-1807
How did the United States acquire the Louisiana Purchase?
What was the mission of Lewis and Clark’s expedition?
What were the consequences of Lewis and Clark’s reports about the western territory?
© 2015 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

11. Texas and Mexico
Acquisition of Louisiana put the United States in conflict with Spain
America now shared a vague boundary with Mexico’s Texas
Several revolts fueled a strong independence movement in Mexico
Americans saw Texas and Mexico as ripe for American expansion

12. Jefferson and Congress close the African slave trade
January 1, 1808
Jefferson and Congress close the African slave trade
Result: the domestic slave trade increases
The election of 1800 had elected Jefferson as president and Aaron Burr of New York as vice-president. Jefferson blamed Burr for the closeness of the election as both men were of the same party. In 1804 Burr was not given the opportunity to run for reelection with Jefferson, as the Twelfth Amendment had been ratified, which called for separate tickets. To make matters worse, Burr would engage Hamilton in a duel in which Hamilton would lose his life.
As the Federalist party began to die a slow death, the Democrat Republicans turned on themselves. John Randolph led the opposition to Jefferson’s administration in his second term.
After fleeing prosecution for the death of Hamilton, Burr concocted a scheme to separate Louisiana from the United States and establish it as his own empire. He would be apprehended before he got too far along with his plan and tried for treason. He was found not guilty.

13. War in the Mediterranean and Europe
The Barbary Pirates
Preyed on European & American shipping
T.J. refuses to pay bribes
Sends in the Marines
USS Philadelphia
The northern coast of Africa had long been the province of pirates, which attacked shipping that did not pay tribute to them. While the country was still made up of colonies, the tribute paid annually by England covered their ships as well. After the Revolution, however, American shipping began to fall prey to pirates.
Burning of the Frigate Philadelphia Lieutenant William Decatur set fire to the captured Philadelphia during the United States’ standoff with Tripoli over the enslavement of American sailors.
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14. New Tensions: Britain & France
U.S. neutrality violated
What is impressment?
1807-The Chesapeake-Leopard Affair
War fever!
As the French Revolution continued to rage, American shipping began to fall prey to both British and French harassment. Both sides wanted the United States to only trade with them, and would seize American shipping to prevent it going from other ports. As the United States was neutral, this was against international law, but since the United States did not have the power to stop it, it continued unabated.
The British would forcibly board American ships and capture the sailors and impress them into service in the British Royal Navy. Because American seamen made twice the money as the British Royal Navy, many had deserted the navy to work on American ships. The British wanted their deserters back.
In an attempt to “starve” the aggressor nations into respecting U.S. neutrality, Jefferson instituted an embargo on all U.S. shipping. The only country that would be truly hurt by this embargo would be the United States.
Madison became president and soon made matters worse. Madison convinced Congress to pass the Non-Intercourse Act (1809), which reopened trade with all countries except France and Great Britain. It also authorized trade with France or Great Britain if either stopped violating American rights.

15. Jefferson’s Response The Embargo Act: All trade with Europe banned
Devastates America’s economy
Smuggling rampant
Jefferson reviled
Repealed in 1809

16. James Madison “Father of the Constitution”…. but a poor president
Replaces Embargo Act with Non-Intercourse Act
“peaceable coercion” is a failure!
Gives into war fever (partisan politics?)
America woefully unprepared!

17. The War of 1812 Causes: “War Hawks” vs “Doves”
American Shipping Rights & Honor
Impressment
Native American Conflicts
“War Hawks” vs “Doves”
Henry Clay (West) & John C. Calhoun (South)
Lust for Canada & Florida
No Federalist support
Americans deeply divided
The main reason for declaring war with Great Britain was for the violation of American shipping rights. The vote was cast along a sectional basis, with the shipping-oriented north voting for, and the agrarian south, which relied on British purchases, voting against. Another reason was the instigation of Native Americans by British citizens to attack the states.
The Native American leader Tecumseh worked to create an alliance of Indians against further U.S. encroachment into their territory. This would provoke a U.S. response under the command of William Henry Harrison, who goaded Tecumseh’s forces into attacking him.
The Battle of Tippecanoe ended, along with Tecumseh’s dream of an Indian Confederacy, in a bloody disaster for the Native Americans.

18. A New Generation of Americans
Madison reelected in 1812
Clay & Calhoun will have a profound impact on future events

19. War in the North Invasion of Canada Battle for the Great Lakes
Repeated attempts repelled
American General William Hull tricked into surrendering
Battle for the Great Lakes
Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry & Lake Erie
U.S.S. Constitution
Death of Tecumseh
Some Americans wanted war with Great Britain to acquire Canada and East Florida and rid those areas of a British presence.
After the war was declared, Congress adjourned without providing financial support for it. What army existed was relatively weak, but the navy was in better condition, having recently fought the pirates. Jefferson’s, and later Madison’s, theory of a weak central government made meeting financial obligations during the war much more difficult.

20. Major Northern Campaigns of the War of 1812
How did the War of 1812 begin? What was the American strategy in regard to Canada? Describe the battle that is the subject of “The Star-Spangled Banner.”
© 2015 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

21. 1814 - The Battle of Horseshoe Bend:
War in the South
The Creek War:
Creeks massacre 553 men, women, children
The Battle of Horseshoe Bend:
Andrew Jackson’s revenge
Creeks & Cherokees massacred at fort
Treaty of Fort Jackson
Creeks give up 2/3 of their land
“My people are all gone” – Chief Red Eagle
Three different wars were fought on different fronts during this engagement. Andrew Jackson led forces in the southeastern part of the United States, culminating in the Battle of New Orleans. A second war was fought at sea between the U.S. and British navies, and the third was fought along the Great Lakes region.
After raising an army, the only logical place to use it was against the British in Canada. The United States would launch three strikes into the territory, only to have all three fail.

22. Major Southern Campaigns of the War of 1812
Why did Jackson march into Florida on his way to New Orleans? Why did he have the advantage in the Battle of New Orleans? Why was the Battle of New Orleans important to the Treaty of Ghent?
© 2015 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

23. British assault on Baltimore
War in the Chesapeake
British capture & burn Washington DC
Madison & his wife flee
White House burned
British assault on Baltimore
Fort McHenry
Francis Scott Key & The Star Spangled Banner
In the southern theater of the War of 1812, a Tennessee major general, Andrew Jackson would be dispatched to deal with rampaging Creeks. Catching them at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, Jackson was able to break the power of the Creeks in Alabama and Georgia.

24. The Star-Spangled Banner
The Star-Spangled Banner Flag, now on display in
the Smithsonian Institution, flew over Fort McHenry
in Baltimore during the War of 1812.

25. British decide to end war
The Treaty of Ghent
British decide to end war
Battle loses
Economic hardships
December 24, 1814 peace treaty signed:
No real victor
The issues that started the war were not addressed
British did promise to stop encouraging Indian attacks
Almost from the moment the war had begun, efforts to end it had been underway. While Napoleon still controlled much of Europe, England was not interested in fighting a war across the Atlantic. Once Napoleon was defeated, it became more interested. When the news about the victory for the United States on Lake Champlain arrived, they decided the war was not worth the cost. The treaty would be signed Christmas Eve, 1814.
It took weeks for the Treaty of Ghent to reach the United States, so fighting continued. A third invasion attempt (the first was from Canada south, and the second was along the Chesapeake) was aimed at New Orleans. There, Jackson was prepared to defend the valuable port and successfully defeated the British although outnumbered two to one.

26. The Battle of New Orleans
Occurred after peace declared…why?
British strategy: Capture New Orleans and take control of the Mississippi
Andrew Jackson – “The hero of New Orleans”
Repels frontal assault, inflicts 2000 casualties
Psychological victory
Patriotism sweeps across America

27. The Hartford Convention
Dec Met in convention at Hartford, CT.
New England’s Federalists protest the war
Proposed several constitutional amendments
Session is in the air
Arrived in Washington DC after news of peace
Ignored by President Madison

28. Causes of war left unaddressed A new sense of nationalism
The War’s Legacies
Causes of war left unaddressed
A new sense of nationalism
Growth of manufacturing
Second Bank of the United States chartered
Tariffs on imports increase
Indians suffer more loses
Western migration explodes
Northern & Southern values spread west
Made up of disgruntled Democrats and Federalists, the Hartford Convention proposed a list of demands that if not met, would cause New England to secede from the union. These demands arrived in Washington, D.C., the same time that news of the victory at New Orleans did. The result was that the Federalists suffered the final death blow to their party due to this embarrassment.
The War of 1812 has been considered our “Second War for Independence,” as the American states were able to stand against the largest army in the world and defeat it. What would also emerge from this time period would be the First Industrial Revolution, for during the embargo and shipping crisis, Americans would look inward to get their manufactured goods.

29. Election of 1816 James Madison elected
“Virginia Dynasty” (4 out of 5)
“Era of Good Feelings”
Embraced Henry Clay’s “American System”
A program for economic development
Broke with Jefferson’s agrarian vision

30. Championed by Henry Clay
The American System
Championed by Henry Clay
High tariffs
Internal improvements
Strong national bank
With support comes opposition
Who wins & who loses?
Monroe balks at national spending for certain projects (Erie Canal)
The internal improvements, the creation of industrial infrastructure, and the stabilizing of the American economy following the War of 1812 have been described as “The American System.” They also called for a more active role of the federal government in the lives of its citizens. The first proponent of the American System was Henry Clay.

31. Nationalist Diplomacy
John Quincy Adams (Secretary of State)
Lays foundation for continued expansion
Provided for the joint occupation of Oregon
The Adams-Onis Treaty (Spain):
convinced Spain to turn over Florida
Spain drops claims to Louisiana
Convention of 1818 (Great Britain):
Settles northern boundary dispute of the Louisiana Purchase
After the conclusion of the War of 1812, the United States would never fight another war with Great Britain. In fact, over time, the two nations would grow close to one another through diplomatic means. One of the first steps in this process was the Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817, which would end the naval arms race on the Great Lakes. Both sides would agree to limit the number of warships on the inland seas. The next effort was the Convention of 1818, which settled the northern limit of the Louisiana Territory at the 49th parallel.

32. MAP 9.6 John Quincy Adams’s Border Treaties
John Quincy Adams, secretary of state in the Monroe administration (1817–25), solidified the nation’s boundaries in several treaties with Britain and Spain. The Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817 and the Conventions of 1818 and 1824 settled the northern boundary with Canada and the terms of a joint occupancy of Oregon. The Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819 added Florida to the United States and settled the disputed border between the American Louisiana Territory and Spanish possessions in the West.

33. Panic of 1819 Storm clouds gathering Cotton “collapses”
Land values decline
Second Bank of the U.S. forecloses on loans
Higher protective tariffs anger Southerners

34. The Missouri Comprise Sectional controversy over slavery begins
Missouri territory applies for statehood:
Talmadge Amendment banning slavery
Southern threats of disunion
Balance in the Senate
Compromise of 1820:
Missouri enters as slave state
Maine enters as free state
Slavery banned north of Missouri’s southern border
The financial Panic of 1819 was caused by the sudden collapse of cotton prices after British textile mills quit buying high-priced American cotton, the nation’s leading export, in favor of cheaper cotton from other parts of the world. This would reveal the fragility of the U.S. economic system, and while a depression did not occur, a serious economic panic did.
Following the Revolution, the United States had followed an alternating pattern of admitting states into the union, one slave state, then one free state. At the time of Missouri’s request to be admitted, there were 22 states, 11 free and 11 slave. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 had dictated that there were to be no slave states there, but no such policy existed for states to emerge from the Louisiana Purchase. Eventually the state was admitted and an agreement was reached that no more slave states would come from that area above the parallel 36⁰30' north.

35. MAP 9.7 The Missouri Compromise
Before the Missouri Compromise of 1820, the Ohio River was the dividing line between the free states of the Old Northwest and the slaveholding states of the Old Southwest. The compromise stipulated that Missouri would enter the Union as a slave state (balanced by Maine, a free state), but slavery would be prohibited in the Louisiana Territory north of 36°30’ (Missouri’s southern boundary). This awkward compromise lasted until 1846, when the Mexican- American War reopened the issue of the expansion of slavery.

36. The Coming Crisis Southerners sought to expand slavery
concerned that Congress would interfere
Southern resentment of Northern attacks on slavery led to greater sectional unity and national tensions.