1. Applications of Genetic Engineering
13-4 Notes
Applications of Genetic Engineering

2. Selective Breeding Review
consists of
Inbreeding
Hybridization
which crosses
which crosses
Similar organisms
Dissimilar organisms
for example
for example
Organism breed A
Organism breed B
which
which
Retains desired characteristics
Combines desired characteristics

3. 13-4 Vocabulary Transgenic Clone
Term used to refer to an organism that contains genes from other organism.
Clone
Member of a population of genetically identical organisms produced from a single cell.

4. 13-4 Notes
A. Genetic Engineering allows DNA from one organism to be made to work in another
B. Transgenic Organisms
Organisms that contain genes from other organisms are transgenic
Genetic engineering has spurred the growth of biotechnology, a new industry that is changing the way we interact with the living world

5. 13-4 3. Transgenic Microorganisms
Bacteria, transformed with genes for human proteins, now produce insulin, growth hormones other important biomedical products
Diabetics are now treated with pure human insulin

6. 13-4 Notes 4. Transgenic Animals
Mice have been developed with human genes so their immune system is similar to humans and scientists can study the effects of diseases on human immune systems
Transgenic livestock have been produced with extra growth hormone genes so that they grow faster and produce less fatty meat

7. 13-4 Notes
B. Cloning
1. A clone is a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell
2. In 1997, a sheep was cloned using basic techniques
Cloned cows, pigs, mice, and other mammals have also been produced by similar techniques
Researchers hope to use cloning to produce genetically engineered substances that will have medical or scientific value

8. Cloning Donor Nucleus Fused Cell Egg Cell Embryo Cloned Lamb
A donor cell is taken from a sheep’s udder.
Donor Nucleus
These two cells are fused using an electric shock.
Fused Cell
Egg Cell
The nucleus of the egg cell is removed.
An egg cell is taken from an adult female sheep.
The fused cell begins dividing normally.
Cloned Lamb
Embryo
The embryo develops normally into a lamb—Dolly
The embryo is placed in the uterus of a foster mother.
Foster Mother

9. Cloning A body cell is taken from a donor animal.
An egg cell is taken from a donor animal.
The nucleus is removed from the egg.
The body cell and egg are fused by electric shock.
The fused cell begins dividing, becoming an embryo.
The embryo is implanted into the uterus of a foster mother.
The embryo develops into a cloned animal.

10. 13-4 Review
List one practical application for each of the following: transgenic bacteria, transgenic animals, transgenic plants.
Transgenic Bacteria
Produce human proteins for medical use, produce materials for plastics.
Animals
Study genes, improve food supply, provide human proteins.
Plants
Improve food supply, produce human antibodies, produce plastics.

11. 13-4 Review What is a transgenic organism?
An organism that contains genes from another organism.
What basic steps were followed to produce dolly?
The nucleus of an egg cell is removed and replaced with a nucleus taken from another adult. This egg is then placed in the reproductive system of a foster mother, where it develops normally.

12. 13-4 Critical Thinking
List reasons you would or would not be concerned about eating genetically modified food.
Allergies