2. Economic Regions

3. Nile-Indus Corridor

4. Trading Systems 500 BCE to 500 CE

5. Silk Road Trade 200 B.C.E. to 220 C.E.
Although it is suspected that significant trade occurred for about 1,000 years beforehand, the Silk Road opened around 139 B.C. once China was unified under the Han dynasty. It started at Changan (Xian) and ended at Antioch or Constantinople (Istanbul), passing by commercial cities such as Samarkand and Kashgar. It was very rare that caravans traveled for the whole distance since the trade system functioned as a chain. Merchants with their caravans were shipping goods back and forth from one trade center to the other. Major commodities traded included silk (of course), gold, jade, tea and spices. Since the transport capacity was limited, over long distance and often unsafe, luxury goods were the only commodities that could be traded. The Silk Road also served as a vector for the diffusion of ideas and religions (initially Buddhism and then Islam), enabling civilizations from Europe, the Middle East and Asia to interact.
The initial use of the sea route linking the Mediterranean basin and India took place during the Roman Era. Between the 1st and 6th centuries, ships were sailing between the Red Sea and India, aided by summer monsoon winds. Goods were transshipped at the town of Berenike along the Red Sea and moved by camels inland to the Nile. From that point, river boats moved the goods to Alexandria, from which trade could be undertaken with the Roman Empire. From the 9th century, maritime routes controlled by the Arab traders emerged and gradually undermined the importance of the Silk Road. Since ships were much less constraining than caravans in terms of capacity, larger quantities of goods could be traded. The main maritime route started at Canton (Guangzhou), passed through Southeast Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea and then reached Alexandria. A significant feeder went to the Spice Islands (Moluccas) in today's Indonesia. The diffusion of Islam was also favored through trade as many rules of ethics and commerce are embedded in the religion.
The Silk Road reached its peak during the Mongolian Empire (13th century) when China and Central Asia were controlled by Mongol Khans, which were strong proponent of trade even if they were ruthless conquerors. At the same time relationships between Europe and China were renewed, notably after the voyages of Marco Polo ( ).

6. Silk Road Trade 200 B.C.E. to 500 C.E.
Trade in silk grew under the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC - AD 220) in the first and second centuries C.E.
Central Asian herders ran caravans linking trade between China and urban areas in Mesopotamia.
The 7000 mile route spanned China, Central Asia, Northern India, and the Roman Empire. It connected the Yellow River Valley to the Mediterranean Sea and passed through present-day countries Iran, Iraq and Syria.

7. Silk Road Trade 200 B.C.E. to 500 C.E.
The Chinese traded their silk with the Indians for precious stones and metals such as jade, gold, and silver, and the Indians would trade the silk with the Roman Empire
Buddhism spread from India to China because of trade along the Silk Route.

8. Indian Ocean Trade 500 BCE to 500 CE
The Silk Roads included not only land routes but also sea lanes in the Indian Ocean.
The Indian Ocean trade network included sailors from China Malaysia, Southeast Asia and Persia.
Chinese pottery was traded along with Indian spices and ivory from India and Africa.

9. Indian Ocean Trade 500 BCE to 500 CE
Sailors used the monsoon winds to chart their course and carry out voyages that linked sections from East Africa to Southern China.
The banana came to Africa from S.E. Asia via the Indian Ocean. The banana spread throughout Sub-Saharan Africa.

10. INDIAN OCEAN TRADE 500 B.C.E. to 500 C.E.

11. Trans-Saharan Trade
It is possible the camel arrived in Africa from Arabia in the first century B.C.E.
Early Saharan trade patterns included the exchange of salt and palm oil.
During the days of the Roman Empire, North Africa also supplied Italy with olives, wheat and wild animals.

12. Trading Systems 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E.

13. Silk Roads 2.0 & 3.0

14. Indian Ocean Trade

15. Trans-Saharan Trade

16. Early Modern Era c.1450 – c.1750

17. Major Concepts Key Concept 4.1 – Globalizing Networks of Exchange
Intensification and disruption of existing trade regional networks including Indian Ocean, Mediterranean, Trans-Saharan, and overland Eurasia
European technological developments in cartography & navigation built upon previous classical, Islamic, and Asian technologies
Examples of technologies?
Creation of global trade networks and empires.
Chinese & European Exploration
Rise of joint-stock companies
Columbian Exchange
Spread of religion and artistic styles
For more information World History Crash Course #19

18. Major Concepts
Key Concept 4.2 – New Forms of Social Organization & Modes of Production
Increases and changes in traditional agriculture.
Intensification of peasant labor (China, India, etc.)
Continuation & expansion of African slave trade.
Demands for coerced labor increased in the Americas
Social and political elites changed, as well as, new ethnic, racial, and gender hierarchies

19. Historical Evidence for Key Concept 4.1

20. Evidence for Exploration
Specific voyages:
Zheng He
Prince Henry the Navigator
Vasco da Gama
Christopher Columbus
Manila galleons
British, Dutch, & French exploration of the North Atlantic
For more information World History Crash Course #21

21. European trade empires in the Indian Ocean
Map of the Dutch East India Company (V.O.C.)
An additional example would be the British East India Company in India
For more information use your 3S (silver, sugar, and spices) charts & Crash Course #229

22. Silver led to Globalization
The thick red line is the global flow of silver!
For more information use your 3S (silver, sugar, and spices) charts

23. Atlantic System & Commercial Revolution
Additional evidence:
Mercantilism
Joint-stock companies
Plantation system
Slaves
Indentured servitude
New European social classes:
Bourgeoisie
Proletariat

24. Columbian Exchange
For more information World History Crash Course #23

25. Historical Evidence for Key Concept 4.2

26. Ming Dynasty Economic Recovery “Silver Sink” Canton Systems
Increased production of silk textiles & porcelain
Increased demand for silk textiles for export intensified peasant labor
“Silver Sink”
Single-whip tax system increased demand for silver
Chinese demand for silver contributed to rise of world trade
Canton Systems
Limited trade to Macao/Canton

27. Atlantic Slave Trade
Rise of Plantation System in Caribbean, Brazil, & Southern colonies of British North America
Notice: Very few slaves were bound for mainland New Spain!
For more information World History Crash Course #24

28. Economy of New Spain Encomiendas Plantation System Haciendas Mining
Manorialism in New World
Plantation System
Uses African slaves
Haciendas
Large cattle ranches
Mining
“Heart of the Empire
Coercive labor (mita)
Value of Spanish gold and silver imports from
For more information World History Crash Course #25

29. Other Notables
Japanese silver production led to political unification, a decline of the daimyo, and the rise of a merchant class.
Japan also isolated trade to only the Dutch at port of Nagasaki.
Russian expansion to the frontier led to the expansion and intensification of serfdom.
Under the Mughal Empire, India continued to dominate in the production of cotton textiles.
Europeans began to establish trade outposts along the coast of India.

30. The Modern Era

31. Major Concepts
Key Concept 5.1 – Industrialization and Global Capitalism
Industrialization changed how goods were produced
Factors leading to the rise of industrial production
Development of machines & exploitation of fossil fuels
Industrialization became a global phenomenon – 2nd Industrial Rev.
Industrialization further integrated the global economy
Need for raw materials led to single export economies
Industrialization led to decline of traditional, agricultural economies
Industrial states sought out consumer markets for finished goods

32. Major Concepts
Key Concept 5.1 – Industrialization and Global Capitalism
Financiers developed ideas (capitalism) & institutions (stock markets, insurance, etc.) to facilitate global economic investment
Rise of transnational businesses
Major developments in transportation and communication
Required examples: railroads, steamships, telegraphs, canals
Industrialization & global capitalism led to a variety of responses
Alternative to capitalism: socialism, Marxism, anarchism, welfare state
Role of government in industrialization (ex. China, Ottoman, Japan)
For more information Crash Course #214 & Crash Course #33

33. Major Concepts
Key Concept 5.1 – Industrialization and Global Capitalism
Social changes resulted from restructuring of global economy
New social classes (bourgeoisie and proletariat)
Changes in family structures, gender roles, and demographics
Urbanization led to unsanitary conditions and new forms of community (suburbs)
Key Concept 5.2 – Imperialism & Nation-State Formation
Industrialization and imperialism are directly related!
Key Concept 5.4 – Global Migration
For more information World History Crash Course #35 & #213

34. Required Factors for Industrial Production
Europe’s location on Atlantic Ocean
Geographical distribution of coal, iron, and timber
European demographic changes & urbanization
Improved agricultural productivity
Legal protection of private property
An abundance of rivers and canals
Access to foreign resources
Accumulation of capital
Sort these factors into common ideas!
For more information World History Crash Course #32

35. Industrial Technology
Mechanization of Weaving
Cotton that took an Indian worker 500 hours to spin took a machine in England 80 minutes to spin
Iron Smelting – Bessemer steel process
Energy
Steam engine, electricity, etc.
Transportation & Communication
Canals, steamboat, railroads, telegraphs

36. Effects of Industrialization
Labor changes
Factory labor was dangerous and toilsome
Initially women & children work in factories
Rise in white collar jobs for new middle class
Labor unions were formed to protect workers
Rise of consumer culture
Standard of living increases
Frequent economic depressions

37. Responses to Industrialization
Capitalism – Adam Smith
Direct attack on mercantilism
Socialism
Marxism
The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels
Communism

38. Global Industrialization

39. Global Industrialization

40. Global Industrialization
Industrialization turned nations into manufacturers of consumer goods:
Western Europe (Great Britain & Germany), the United States, Japan
Industrialization turned some nations into “niche” producers:
Russia, parts of Latin America (Mexico, Argentina, etc.)
Industrialization turned some nations into suppliers of raw materials
Egypt, India, Southeast Asia, Africa & parts of Latin America
For more information World History Crash Course #212 & 213

41. Russian Industrialization
Caused by Russian defeat in Crimean War
Abolish serfdom in 1861
Do NOT make major reforms to help peasants
Limited industrialization led by government
Trans-Siberian railroad
Focus on heavy industry
2nd in petroleum and 4th in steel production by 1900
Do NOT produce consumer goods

42. Japanese Industrialization
Meiji Restoration
Abolished feudal order
Industrialization supported by state
Rise of zaibatsu
Mitsubishi
Women work in silk factories

43. Africa:
Natural resources (gold, ivory, palm oil) replace slaves as exports to Europe. The result…

44. Imperialism

45. The Middle East Ottoman Empire (a.k.a.“Sick Man of Europe”) Egypt
Declining agricultural revenues
Large debts to foreign nations
European imports exceed exports
Egypt
Muhammad Ali promotes cotton cloth production
Relied heavily on foreign investment
Successors build the Suez Canal

46. Asia & Global Industrialization
India
Britain transforms India from textile supplier to exporter of cotton
China
Struggles to modernize for many reasons (too many to identify here)
Southeast Asia
Europeans divide parts of Southeast Asia not already under Dutch control
Indentured Servitude
Indians, Chinese, & Japanese migrated to the Caribbean, Africa, and Southeast Asia to work as laborers

47. The 20th Century

48. Key Concepts Key Concept 6.1 – Science & the Environment
Green Revolution
New energy technologies – oil & nuclear power – raised productivity and increased production of material goods
Humans changed their relationship with the environment
Competition over global resources
Global warming caused by greenhouse gases and other pollutants
Pollution, deforestation, and desertification

49. Key Concepts
Key Concept 6.3 – New Conceptualizations of Global Economy
States responded in a variety of ways to economic challenges
Communist governments controlled their economies
Soviet Five-Year Plans
Great Depression increased government intervention in economy
The New Deal
Newly independent nations attempt to guide their economy to promote economic development
End of the 20th century, many governments encouraged free market economic policies
China under Deng Xiaoping

50. Key Concepts
Key Concept 6.3 – New Conceptualizations of Global Economy
States, communities, and individuals became increasingly interdependent
New global economic institutions
IMF, World Bank, World Trade Organization
Regional trade networks
European Union and NAFTA
Multinational corporations challenged state authority
Royal Dutch Shell or Coca-Cola

51. Green Revolution

52. Effects of Green Revolution

53. Stalin’s Five-Year Plans

54. U.S. Economy in 20th Century

55. China’s Economy Since Deng Xiaoping

56. World Trade Organization
For more information World History Crash Course #41 & #42

57. European Union

58. Global Coca-Cola