1. Chapter 13 Section 1 US History
AMERICA AND THE WORLD
Chapter 13 Section 1
US History

2. AMERICA AND THE WORLD THE RISE OF DICTATORS MAIN IDEA
Dictators took control of the governments of Italy, the Soviet Union, Germany, and Japan

3. THE RISE OF DICTATORS
End of World War I and economic depression contributed to antidemocratic governments
Mussolini and Fascism in Italy
First dictatorship in Italy
1919 “Benito Mussolini” founded Fascist Party
“Fascisim” = aggressive nationalistic movement that believed nation was more important than individual
Believed order would only come with strong dictator and nation needed to be an empire to be strong

4. THE RISE OF DICTATORS
Fascism was strongly anticommunist, due to fear and Mussolini exploited fears
Said Fascism was protection against communism, protect property and middle class
Promised working class full employment and social security
Bring back Italy to power like in Roman Empire
Mussolini backed by Fascist militia (aka Blackshirts) King was forced to appoint Mussolini to premier in 1922

5. THE RISE OF DICTATORS Once appointed worked to set up dictatorship
Italians supported Mussolini
Had support of industries, landowners AND Roman Catholic Church
Mussolini’s title – Il Duce (The Leader)

6. THE RISE OF DICTATORS Stalin takes over Russia
After Russian Revolution “Vladimir Lenin” established Communist governments throughout Russian Empire
1922 renamed to Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
One party rule, suppressed individual liberties and punished opponents
Lenin died 1924 and created a power struggle between Leon Trotsky and “Jospeh Stalin”
Born Joseph Dzuhgashvili, changed to Stalin (meaning steel)
been imprisoned or exiled 7 times (escaped)

7. THE RISE OF DICTATORS
1926 Stalin new Soviet dictator, began to industrialize county using Five-Year Plans
From steel production increased from 4 million to 18 million tons
Industrial wages decreased 43% from
Family farms combined and turned into “collectives”
Gov’t owned farms
Resisted by killing livestock or hoard crops and were put on trial and/or starved to death
10 million died

8. THE RISE OF DICTATORS Stalin did not tolerate opposition
Targeted political enemies and others (artists, intellectuals)
1930s USSR nation of internal terrorism
New constitution 1936 promised many freedoms but was never enforced
Used concentration camps
million in camps
8-10 million died under Stalin

9. THE RISE OF DICTATORS Hitler and Nazi Germany
“Adolf Hitler” anticommunist and admired Mussolini
Native of Austria and fought for Germany in World War I
Germany’s defeat and Treaty of Versailles (blamed Germany) made him hate Allies and German gov’t who accepted treaty
After war, Germany had many new political parties including the National Socialist German Workers’ Party AKA Nazi Party

10. THE RISE OF DICTATORS
Nazi party was nationalistic and anticommunist
Wanted Germany to expand territory
Wanted to not abide by Treaty of Versailles
Nazi Party was also anti-Semitic
Hoped to attract un-happy workers, Adolf Hitler was one of them
Nov. 1923, Nazis tried to take power by marching on City hall in Munich
Hitler planned to take power locally before going to Berlin for national power
Plan failed, Nazi party banned and Hitler was put in Jail

11. THE RISE OF DICTATORS In prison Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle)
Called for unification of all Germans (blonde/blue eyed)
Argued German’s needed more space so needed to expand to Poland and Russia
Slavic people inferior (should be enslaved)
Also racists against Jews
Blamed Jews for Worlds problems and German’s defeat in World War I

12. THE RISE OF DICTATORS
After release from Prison, Hitler changed tactics
Not try to seize power violently, focused on getting Nazis elected to Reichstag (German parliament)
In Great Depression, Germans began to vote radicals into gov’t
1932 Nazis largest party in Reichstag, 1933 German president appointed Hitler Chancellor
Hitler called for new elections, Nazi police began intimidating voters and suppressing Communist party
Reichstag full of Nazis who then voted to make Hitler dictator, 1934 became president giving him control of the Army
Gave title of Der Fuher (the Leader)

13. THE RISE OF DICTATORS Militarists Control Japan
Japan needed to import all resources they needed to produce goods
1920s didn’t earn enough from exports to pay for imports – limited economic growth
Depression with raised tariffs made worse situation
Japan’s military blamed problems on corrupt politicians
Believed Japan should dominate East Asia and saw democracy as “un-Japanese
Argued Japan needed to seize territory to get resources it needed

14. THE RISE OF DICTATORS
September 1931 Japan invaded “Manchuria” (northern China with resources)
Japanese prime minister tried to stop by negotiating with China
military officers assassinated him and from then on military controlled country
Civilian gov’t supported expanding empire and appointed Military as prime minister

15. AMERICA AND THE WORLD AMERICAN NEUTRALITY MAIN IDEA
Most Americans did not want to get involved in another European war, despite Franklin Roosevelt’s emphasis on internationalism

16. AMERICAN NEUTRALITY Rise of dictators discouraged Americans
Felt World War I sacrifices for nothing
Began supporting isolationism and avoid international conflicts
The Nye Committee
Isolation ideas stronger 1930s for 2 reasons
Depression made hard for European to pay back $ owed from World War I
Articles came out saying arms manufactures tricked US into entering World War I

17. AMERICAN NEUTRALITY
1934 Senator Gerald P. Nye (North Dakota) held hearings to investigate
Nye Committee documented huge profits arms factories made during war
Created impression business influenced entrance to war
This and failure to repay led to feelings of isolationism

18. AMERICAN NEUTRALITY Legislating Neutrality
Italian and German aggression increased, worried lead to war
Congress passed “Neutrality Act of 1935”
Illegal for American’s to sell arms to any country at war
Came from results of Nye Committee
1936 Spanish Rebellion (led by General Francisco Franco – Fascist)
Revolt became civil war
Congress passed second Neutrality Act banning arms sales to either side of civil war

19. AMERICAN NEUTRALITY
After Spanish Civil War, Hitler and Mussolini pledged to cooperate on international issues
Mussolini termed it Rome-Berlin Axis
Japan aligned itself with German and Italy when signed Anti-Comintern Pact
Exchange information on communist groups
Became known as “Axis Powers”
Not formal allies until 1940

20. AMERICAN NEUTRALITY
Tensions in Europe worse, Congress passed Neutrality Act of 1937
Continued ban on arms sales
Required nations to buy all nonmilitary supplies from US on “cash-and-carry” basis.
Had to send own ships to US to pick up goods and had to pay in cash (NO LOANS)
Reminded of attacks on Ships in World War I (brought into war) and did not want a repeat

21. AMERICAN NEUTRALITY Roosevelt’s Internationalism
Not an isolationist (Depression was just first priority)
Supported “internationalism”
Trade between nations creates prosperity and helps prevent war
US should try to preserve peace in world
Warned Neutrality Acts might drag us into war instead of keeping us out
July 1937 Japanese in Manchuria launched attack on Chinese, President Roosevelt helped (since not officially declared war so Neutrality Act didn’t apply)
Tried to get American to see that looking the other way wasn’t the answer but was unsuccessful

22. REVIEW QUESTIONS
How did post World War I conditions contribute to the rise of dictators in Europe?
Why did many American’s support isolationism?
Who was Benito Mussolini?
What were provisions under the Neutrality Act of 1935?
Who was Joseph Stalin?
What are collectives?
What were the ideas of those who supported internationalism?
Which nations did dictators govern after World War I?