1. Circulatory and Respiratory System
Biology
Powerpoint #4
Unit 8 – Chapter 37

2. Circulatory System Structures: Heart, Blood vessels, blood Functions:
Brings oxygen, nutrients and hormones to cells
Fights infection
Regulates body temperature.

3. Heart Made of cardiac muscle Beats on average 65-85 beats per minute
Pumps to circulate blood throughout the body

4. Take your heart Rate

5. The Heart The human heart has four chambers Left and right ventricle
Left and right atrium
The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body
The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

6. BLUE = Deoxygenated Blood
Blood Flow in the Heart
RED = Oxygenated Blood
BLUE = Deoxygenated Blood

7. 1) After passing through the lungs, oxygenated blood returns to the heart in the pulmonary veins.
From lungs

8. 2) The left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary vein.

9. 3) Blood passes through the mitral valve into the left ventricle.

10. 4) The left ventricle pushes blood into the aorta
4) The left ventricle pushes blood into the aorta. Blood travels to all regions of the body
To rest of body

11. 5) Deoxygenated blood returns from the rest of the body through the superior and inferior vena cava.

12. 6) The right atrium receives the deoxygenated blood.

13. 7) Blood then enters the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve.

14. 8) The right ventricle pushes blood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary arteries to the lungs.
To lungs

16. Blood Pressure
Blood pressure is a measure of the force exerted by the blood on the wall of the arteries.
An example is 120/80 (systolic pressure/diastolic pressure.
Systolic pressure is the result of the contraction of the ventricles (normal )
Diastolic pressure is during the ventricle relaxation (normal 70-90)

17. Blood Vessels: Arteries Capillaries Veins Carry blood to cells
Lined with smooth muscle tissue
Three kinds:
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins

18. Arteries
Carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

19. Capillaries Branch off of the Arteries
The smallest of the blood vessels
Takes blood to cells

20. Veins
Takes deoxygenated blood from the capillaries back to the heart

21. Blood The human body has 4-6 liters of blood Blood:
45% of blood is Cells
55% of blood is plasma

22. Blood Cells: 3 kinds
Red Blood Cells: transports oxygen, contain hemoglobin (gives them color)
White Blood Cells (leukocytes): attack foreign substances or organisms.
Platelets: stick to broken blood vessels to stop bleeding when you are cut

23. Plasma 90% water 10% other materials: Dissolved gases Salts Nutrients
Enzymes
Hormones
Waste products

24. Disorders of the Circulatory System
Coronary artery disease – Atherosclerosis
Plaque buildup blocks arteries, reducing, or even stopping blood flow.
Plaques can break off, causing heart attack or stroke
Cause: Damaged arteries are ‘invaded’ by bad LDL cholesterol. White blood cells try to digest the LDL. Ultimately, a jumble of cholesterol and cells is accumulated.
Risk Factors: Smoking, high blood pressure, high LDL cholesterol, diabetes

25. Disorders of the Circulatory System
Heart Attack– Myocardial Infarction (MI)
Death of cardiac muscle cells
Cause: Plaque dislodges, blocking an artery to the heart muscle. Cardiac muscle cells are starved for oxygen and die.
After a heart attack, scar tissue forms where the cells had died, this reduces the functionality of the heart.
Severity of a heart attack depends on size and area supplied by the artery.
Risk Factors: Smoking, high blood pressure, high LDL cholesterol, diabetes

26. Disorders of the Circulatory System
Stroke
Death of cells in the brain.
Cause: A blood vessel in the brain is blocked, or bursts, starving the cells of oxygen
A stroke can have many different symptoms, including: numbness, vision changes, speech changes, or confusion.
Risk Factors: Smoking, high blood pressure, high LDL cholesterol, diabetes

27. Disorders of the Circulatory System
Arrhythmia
Irregular / skipped heart beat
Cause: The heart uses electrical signals created in the SA node in the right atria, to begin a heartbeat. The conduction of these signals, or irregular firing of the SA node, can cause arrhythmias. Atrial arrhythmias are less dangerous than ventricular arrhythmias.
Risk Factors: Generally random, but factors are stimulants (such as caffeine), fevers, stress, or genetic disorders.

28. Disorders of the Circulatory System
High blood pressure - Hypertension
Diastolic pressure over 90
Why it is dangerous: Excessive pressure can cause the arteries to thicken, and blood vessels to weaken and rupture. This can lead to heart failure, stroke, kidney failure, loss of sight when vessels in eyes burst.
Risk Factors: Genetics, overweight, limited physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, certain medications

29. Respiratory System Function:
Bringing Oxygen into the body, and removing carbon dioxide and water vapor.

30. Respiratory System What gases are in our atmosphere? 78% Nitrogen
21% Oxygen
1% Argon

31. Respiratory System Structures: Nose Pharynx larynx trachea bronchi
bronchioles
lungs

32. Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs

33. Respiratory System Larynx Generates sound Contains vocal chords
Pharynx
Part of both respiratory & digestive systems
Aids in swallowing
Houses the tonsils

34. Respiratory System What is the job of the nose?:
Cilia (small hairs) filter out dirt
Moistens and warms the air you breathe

35. Respiratory System Inhalation: Rib muscles contract Rib cage expands
Lung volume increases
Air pressure in lungs decreases
Air flows into lungs

36. Respiratory System Exhalation: Rib muscles relax
Rib cage becomes smaller
Air pressure in lungs increases
Air flows out of lungs

37. Respiratory System Diaphragm: Dome shaped muscle
Located at base of rib cage

38. Smallest Part of Lung= Alveoli
Alveoli: air sacks

39. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
Exchanged in the lungs though: Diffusion
The process by which materials move from an area of:
High concentration to an area of low concentration