1. Reconstruction to Civil Rights
(Day 1)
This slide introduces Chapter 4, “Settlement of the Thirteenth Colony.”

2.  Sharecropping and Tenant Farming  Reconstruction Plans
Learning Targets
I can analyze the impact of Reconstruction on Georgia and other southern states.
Freedmen’s Bureau
 Sharecropping and Tenant Farming
 Reconstruction Plans
13th, 14th, 15th Amendments to the Constitution
Henry McNeal Turner & Black Legislators
Ku Klux Klan
This is an essential question for this section of the chapter.

3. The “Official” period of Reconstruction in Georgia lasted for only 5 years, but the recovery from Reconstruction took much longer...

4. have felt at the end of the war?
How would these people
have felt at the end of the war?
Women in the South who had been left to keep homes and farms going during the war? Freed slaves who had left plantations after the war? Confederate soldiers who returned to Georgia to find ruined and burned- out homes, crops, and villages?

5. Georgians (and other Southerners) Had to Deal with 3 Basic Questions
after the Civil War...
What would be done with 4 million newly freed slaves?
2) How could sectional differences and emotional war wounds be healed so that the nation could be reunited?
3) How could the South, which had suffered most of the war damage, resurrect itself and its economy?

6. Problems after Civil War

7. LAND Had to sell land to get cash. Needed cash to pay taxes and buy
equipment, livestock, seed, fertilizer, and labor to rebuild.
Sold land for a fraction of the cost.
More small farms.
Blacks and whites became landowners.

8. LABOR Shortage of workers. Many white males had been
killed or disabled during war.
After the war, many moved.
Loss of large pool of slave labor.
New work arrangement needed to be made between blacks and whites.

9. CAPITAL Money that had been tied up in slaves was lost.
Remaining capital in
the form of Confederate
money and bonds was
worthless.
Very few farmers had money.
The only way they could get money was to borrow it, but many Georgia banks had collapsed.

10. The Georgia in which the War-Weary Confederate Soldiers Returned Was Not as They Had Left It...

11. farms were in ruins
homes, railways, bridges, roads were destroyed or in need of repair
not enough food
banks were closed – Confederate money was worthless
the state owed $20,000,000 in war debt
25,000 Georgians had died of wounds or disease – many more were crippled and could not work

12. The Freedmen Problems of freedmen (former slaves):
homeless
hungry
uneducated
free for the 1st time
no property or goods
Many former slaves feared
re-enslavement
Most whites had difficulty treating freeman as free persons

13. THREE PLANS FOR RECONSTRUCTION
LINCOLN PROPOSED HIS PLAN IN 1863
RADICAL REPUBLICANS IN CONGRESS PROPOSED THEIR PLAN
JOHNSON PROPOSED HIS PLAN AFTER LINCOLN WAS ASSASSINATED AND HE BECAME PRESIDENT

14. Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction
Sometimes
called the
“10%
Plan”

15. Lincoln wanted to rebuild and return the south to the Union as soon as possible
“Reconstruction” would have two parts:
Southerners would be pardoned after taking an oath of allegiance;
When 10% of voters had taken the oath, the state could rejoin the Union and form a state government.

16. Radical Republicans
Lincoln’s plan to reconstruct the south was challenged.
Some northerners called “Radical Republicans” thought the south should be more severely punished.
The Radical Republicans wanted to make sure the freedmen retained their new rights.

17. Radical Republicans Gained control of both houses of Congress
Maintained that the southern states were not “adequately reconstructed”

18. RADICAL REPUBLICANS PASSED LEGISLATION WITH LINCOLN’S APPROVAL
13th AMENDMENT, 1865
Neither Slavery Nor Involuntary Servitude, Except As A Punishment For Crime Whereof The Party Shall Have Been Duly Convicted, Shall Exist Within The United States, Or Any Place Subject To Their Jurisdiction.
Makes
Slavery
Illegal

19. FREEDMEN’S BUREAU ACT, 1865 Designed by the Radical Republicans
Signed into Law by Lincoln
An agency that protected the legal rights of freed blacks.

20. The Freedmen’s Bureau
Its job was to help freed slaves and poor whites with basic needs of food, clothing, and shelter.
The purpose shifted to education:
Set up 4,000 primary schools
Started industrial schools for jobs training
Started teacher-training schools
Missionaries started schools like Atlanta University, Morehouse College, and Clark College

21. Plenty to eat and nothing to do...
Freedmen’s Bureau
As Seen
Through Southern Eyes
Plenty to eat and nothing to do...

22. Freedmen’s Bureau School

23. PRESIDENT LINCOLN ASSASSINATED APRIL 14, 1865
MURDERED BY JOHN WILKES BOOTH, A LOYAL CONFEDERATE SOUTHERNER WHO BELIEVED THAT HE WAS AVENGING THE SOUTH WHEN HE ASSASSINATED THE PRESIDENT

24. Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction
As a native Southerner, President Johnson showed some traditionally southern views and did not promote equal right for the freedmen or involve freedmen in the Reconstruction process.

25. In addition to Lincoln’s requirements, President Johnson added a few more. Southern states had to:
approve (ratify) the
13th Amendment
(outlawing slavery);
nullify their ordinances of secession;
promise not to repay money borrowed during the war.

26. President Johnson appointed James Johnson as Georgia’s provisional Governor.

27. Constitutional Convention
of 1865
Governor Johnson held a Constitutional Convention.
1) Repealed the ordinance of secession
2) Voted to abolish slavery
3) Wrote a new constitution
Elections were held in November 1865 for a new legislature.
The General Assembly voted to extend rights to freedmen.

28. BLACK CODES
BECAUSE OF JOHNSON’S SOFT APPROACH TO RECONSTRUCTION, SOUTHERN STATES PASSED RACIST LAWS DESIGNED TO UNDERMINE AFRICAN AMERICAN’S RIGHTS.
MANY FORMER CONFEDERATE OFFICIALS WERE ELECTED TO STATE GOVERNMENT POSITIONS AND PASSED A SERIES OF LAWS KNOWN AS THE BLACK CODES.

30. BLACK CODES
Black Codes were laws passed to keep freedmen from having the same rights as whites.
Didn’t allow blacks: the same jobs as whites, the right to vote, the right to marry a white person, jury service, or the right to testify.
Blacks could be: whipped as punishment, forced to work from sunrise to sunset six days per week, or put in jail if they didn’t have a job.

31. THESE LAWS CREATED THE FOUNDATION FOR THE LEGAL SEGREGATION OF PUBLIC FACILITIES AND THE TREATMENT OF AFRICAN AMERICANS AS SECOND CLASS CITIZENS THROUGHOUT THE SOUTH.

32. EXAMPLES OF SEGREGATED FACILITIES

33. Congressional Reconstruction
Congress was angry about Georgia’s Black Codes, so it passed the Civil Rights Act of This law gave:
citizenship to all freedmen;
the federal government power to intervene any time civil rights were taken from freedmen.

34. 14th Amendment
Granted citizenship to freedmen and required “equal protection under the law.”
All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!

35. Congressional Reconstruction
Congress required southern states to ratify the 14th Amendment.
Georgia and most of the other southern states refused.
Congress abolished
these states’
governments
and put them
under military
rule.

36. MAP OF 5 MILITARY DISTRICTS

37. Georgia was ruled by General John Pope
Georgia was ruled by General John Pope. Pope was required to register all male voters – black and white. These voters would elect new representatives to form a new state government.

38. Constitutional Convention of 1867
Georgia male voters elected delegates to the convention to create a new state constitution.

39. Carpetbaggers
A non-southerner who came to the South during Reconstruction to take advantage of its economic and political situation

40. Scalawags
A southerner who disgraced the south by joining with the Republicans to enact reforms.

41. Accomplishments of the Convention
A new constitution ensuring civil rights for all citizens;
Free public education for all children;
Married women were allowed to control their own property (1st State to do so).

42. Georgia had met the requirements for readmission to the Union, and federal troops left the state...
But, not for long...