1. The Making of Industrial Society, 1750’s to Present

2. Overview: The Industrial Revolution
Energy: coal and steam replace wind, water, human and animal labor
Organization: factories over cottage industries
Economy: mass production, corporate capitalism
Rural agriculture relative decline, urban manufacturing increases
Transportation: trains, steamships, autos replace animals and sailing ships
Culture and society: socioeconomic classes, clock-based life, new standards of living

3. Overview: Creation of New Classes
Industrial middle class
Urban proletariat
Shift in political power
Inspiration for new political systems, esp. Socialism, Marxism

4. Overview: Unexpected Costs
Environmental consequences
Intellectual ideas: human domination over natural resources
Unforeseen toxins, occupational hazards
High consumption of raw materials, increasing demands
New selection pressures on species
Social challenges
Landless proletariat
Migrating workforces
New relationships, new elites

5. Industrialization and Selection
Black peppered moth (Biston betularia)
In 1800, speckled pattern predominant
Good camouflage w/ tree lichens
Sooty air pollution from coal-burning factories
By 1840’s, stood out on blackened trees
Dark-winged mutation had better camouflage

7. Textile Revolution – “King Cotton”
Inventions in thread and cloth technology
Flying shuttle doubled weaving output
Spinning jenny (1768)
Increased supply of yarn, faster than flying shuttle could process
Power loom (1787) met supply of yarn

8. Cotton gin (“gin” short for “engine”)

9. Textile Revolution – “King Cotton”
Cotton gin (1793)
American patent, medieval Egyptian technology
Processes raw cotton 50X faster than by hand
Allows profit from growing short-staple cotton
Long staple cotton
Short staple cotton

10. Textile Revolution – “King Cotton”
Cotton gin (1793) results:
Cotton boom in U.S. Southeast
Expansion of slave economy westward
African American slavery increases profits
Soil depletion  land hunger
American expansion into Texas
Cherokee start cotton plantations, using African American slaves
U.S. heavily dependent on cotton exports

11. New Sources of Power 1760: 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton imported

12. Technology – Energy and Synergy
Steam engines
James Watt ( )
Applied to rotary engine, multiple applications
Coal for energy
Mechanized production
Iron and steel
Railroad
Synergy of energy, materials, production
Increases output AND demand

13. Rail Transport 1804: first steam-powered locomotive
Capacity: Ten tons mph
The Rocket from Liverpool to Manchester (1830), 16 mph
Sense of progress: “triumph over nature”
Sense of space, time, speed
Time zones
Shortened travel times
Unprecedented speeds – 35 mph!

14. Old vs. New Labor Patterns
Crafts system
Small family firms, local markets
Workshop, home as main producers
Skilled craftsmanship
Apprentice, journeyman, master
Common origins, experience
Guild restrictions, limits
Lodging, food, charity provided
Paid by piece

15. Old vs. New Labor Patterns
Factory system
Large firms
Factory separate from home, family
Mechanized production, less skill required
Large distinctions among owner, boss, worker
Bypasses guilds and other labor organizations
Wages as main resource
Paid by hours worked

16. Working conditions Dramatic shift from rural work rhythms
Common: Six days a week, fourteen hours a day
Increasing pace and control
“Luddite” Protest against machines,
From legend of Ludlam, a boy who broke a knitting frame
Leader called “King Lud”
Masked Luddites destroy machinery, enjoyed popular support
14 Luddites hanged in 1813, movement dies out

17. Home and Family Non-producing family Home/Work separation
“Separate spheres” idea intensified
Domesticity
Home as special, distinct place
Home as feminine space
Home requires special skills
“Childhood” re-invented

18. Spread of Industrialization
Education
Development of technical schools for engineers, architects, etc.
Public education on industrial model
Time-based classes, factory hours
Education to create good workers
Government support for large public works projects (canals, rail system)
NOT a success story of laissez-faire capitalism

19. Mass Production Eli Whitney (U.S., 1765-1825) Cotton gin (1793)
Interchangeable parts (firearms)
“the American system”
Assembly line
First used in meat processing
Henry Ford, 1913
Complete automobile chassis every 93 minutes
Previously: 728 minutes

20. Industrialization in the United States
1800 US agrarian
Population 5 million
No city larger than 100,000
6/7 Americans farmers
1860 US industrializing
Population 30 million
Nine cities 100K +
½ Americans farmers

21. Population Growth (millions)

22. The Demographic Transition
Industrialization leads to decline of both fertility and mortality
Mortality declines first, birth rate second
Result: brief population boom
When Malthus writes, 1790’s
Costs of living increase in industrial societies
Children “mouths to feed” not “hands to work”
Increasing “expense” of children

23. The Demographic Transition
Urbanization proceeds dramatically
1800: only 20% of British live in towns with population over 10,000
1900: 75% of British live in urban environments

24. The Fruits of Industrialization
Technological innovation
Improved agricultural tools
Medicine, food amount
Cheap manufactured goods
Especially textiles
General standard of living increases
Travel, transportation, communication
New wealth created

25. Industrialization in Disguise: Cowboys
Cowboy image
Romanticized in late 19th century
Rugged, independent man
Outdoors, natural, under the stars
Teddy Roosevelt
Reality: industrial cattle process
Reality: giant organizations
End of Texas cattle drives: barbed wire

27. The Proletariat Lack of clear distinction from cottage industry
Ecologically disastrous conditions
Coal mines
Cave-ins
Explosions
Pollutants

28. Distribution of Wealth in the U.S.

29. The Industrial Middle Class
New class, evolved from guild merchants in cities
“bourgeoisie”
Capitalists
Begin to eclipse power and status of agrarian landed classes

30. The Socialist Challenge
Socialism first used in context of Utopian Socialists Charles Fourier ( ) and Robert Owen ( )
Opposed competition of market system
Attempted to create small model communities
Inspirational for larger social units

31. Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895)
Two major classes:
Capitalists, who control means of production
Proletariat, wageworkers who sell labor
Exploitative nature of capitalist system
Religion: “opiate of the masses”
Argued for an overthrow of capitalists in favor of a “dictatorship of the proletariat”

32. Social Reform and Trade Unions
Socialism had major impact on 19th century reformers
Reduced property requirements for male suffrage
Addressed issues of medical insurance, unemploymnet compensation, retirement benefits
Trade unions form for collective bargaining
Strikes to address workers’ concerns

33. Monopolies, Trusts, and Cartels
Large corporations form blocs to drive out competition, keep prices high
John D. Rockefeller controls almost all oil drilling, processing, refining, marketing in U.S.
German IG Farben controls 90% of chemical production
Governments often slow to control monopolies

34. Contraception Ancient and medieval methods:
Egypt: crocodile dung suppository, gold ring IUD’s
Asia: oral contraceptives (mercury, arsenic)
Elsewhere: beeswax, oil paper diaphragms
Thomas Malthus ( ) predicts overpopulation crisis, advocates “moral restraint”
Condoms invented in England
Made from animal intestines in 17th century, latex in 19th century

35. Development of Slums London: 1 million in 1800, 2.4 million in 1850
Wealthy classes move out to suburbs
Industrial slum areas develop in city centers
Open gutters as sewage systems
Danger of Cholera
First sewage systems, piped water only in 1848

36. Transcontinental Migrations
19th-early 20th centuries, rapid population growth drives Europeans to Americas
50 million cross Atlantic
Britons to avoid urban slums, Irish to avoid potato famines of 1840s, Jews to abandon Tsarist persecution
United States favored destination

37. New Social Classes Economic factors result in decline of slavery
Capitalist wealth brings new status to non-aristocratic families
New urban classes of professionals
Blue-collar factory workers
Urban environment also creates new types of diversions
Sporting events

38. Women in the Workforce
Agricultural, cottage industry work involved women: natural transition
But development of men as prime breadwinners, women in private sphere, working cheap labor
Double burden: women expected to maintain home as well as work in industry
Related to child labor: lack of day care facilities

39. Child Labor Easily exploited Advantages of size
Low wages: 1/6 to 1/3 of adult male wages
High discipline
Advantages of size
Coal tunnels
Gathering loose cotton under machinery
Cotton industry, 1838: children 29% of workforce
Factory Act of 1833: 9 years minimum working age

40. Industrialization in Russia and Japan
Slower starts on industrial process
Russia constructs huge railway network across Siberia under finance minister Count Sergei Witte
Japanese government takes initiative by hiring thousands of foreign experts
Reforms iron inudstry
Opens universities, specializing in science and technology

41. Global ramifications Global division of labor
Rural societies that produce raw materials
Urban societies that produce manufactured goods
Uneven economic development
Developing export dependencies of Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, south and south-east Asia
Low wages, small domestic markets

43. Genesis of the Industrial Revolution
Great Britain, 1780s
Followed agricultural revolution
Food surplus
Disposable income
Population increase
Market
Labor supply

44. British Advantages Strong banking tradition Natural resources
Coal, iron ore
Ease of transportation
Size of country
River and canal system
Exports to imperial colonies
Esp. machine textiles

45. Big Business Large factories require start-up capital
Corporations formed to share risk, maximize profits
Britain and France lay foundations for modern corporation, s
Private business owned by hundreds, thousands or even millions of stockholders
Investors get dividends if profitable, lose only investments in case of bankruptcy