1. Tissues
Chapter 5

2. Recall that Cells-
form tissues that have specialized structure and function.
vary in size, shape, & arrangement between tissues
very similar with in tissues
divide to replace or repair dead cells

3. Recall that Stem cells Divide and specialize into needed cell type
Can travel to areas of the body needing repair or replacement.
Pluripotent- give rise to many types of cells
Multipotent/progenerator- restricted potential Bone marrow & brain marrow

4. Tissues
Made of cells
associate and organize to form organs with specialized functions
4 types-
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous Tissues

5. Epithelial Tissue-
1 side always exposed to outside or internal open space
Classified by shape and number of layers of cells
Function-
Protection, secretion, absorption, excretion
Characteristics-
lack blood vessels
Tightly packed with little intercellular material
Readily divide- healing quickly
Connected to tissue via thin non-living basement membrane
Gains nutrients from underlying connective tissues

6. Types of epithelium- Simple= single layer Simple Squamous
Site of diffusion and filtration
Lines vessels/air sacs
Simple Cuboidal
Glands- secretion
Kidneys- secretion & absorption
Simple Columnar-
tissue is thick for protection
Secretes digestive fluids & absorbs nutrients from digested food

7. Types of epithelium- Stratified= many layers Stratified Squamous
protection from organism entering or substances leaving
Stratified Cuboidal
lining of glandular ducts
Mammary, sweat, salivary, pancreatic and reproductive glands
Psuedostratified columnar
cilia move mucous secreted by goblet cells
Protection, secretion

8. Types of epithelium- Transitional
changes shape of cells in response to tension- cube shaped to elongated
provided protection from contents of urinary bladder from reentering body
Provides an expandable lining

9. Summary

10. Connective tissue Most abundant tissue in the body Characteristics
intercellular matrix of fibers and ground substance
Fluid, semisolid, solid, flexible to rigid
Generally have good blood supplies
Function
Bind structures
Provide support & protection
Frameworks, fill spaces, store fat
Produce blood cells
Protect against infections
Help repair tissue damage

11. Connective tissue composition
Connective tissue fibers
Collagenous fibers
thick threads of protein collagen
Arranged in long parallel flexible bundles
Holds structures together
( ligaments & tendons)
Elastin fibers
bundles of protein elastin
Weaker than collagen fibers but more elastic
Yellow color- yellow fibers
Reticular fibers
thin delicate collagen fibers for support
Fixed cells
Fibroblasts-
most common
Large star shaped cell
Secrete protein into matrix
Mast cells-
located near blood vessels
Release heparin( prevent blood clotting
Release histamine (reaction to allergies)
Wandering cells
Macrophages-white blood cells
Defense against infection

12. Types of Connective tissues-
Dense connective
Tissue abundant collagen fibers
Appears white – white fibers
Regular:
Tendons & ligaments
Poor blood supply= slow healing
Irregular:
found in dermis of skin

13. Types of Connective tissues-
Loose connective tissue (areolar)
sparse collagen fibers
binds skin to underlying organs
fills spaces between muscles
underneath most types of epithelium

14. Types of Connective tissues-
Adipose tissue
Adipocytes store fat droplets that form adipose tissue
Beneath the skin, spaces between organs and joints
Cushions, insulates, stores energy

15. Cartilage rigid connective tissue Function Structure
Provides support, framework, attachments, protection and structure
for forming bones
Structure
collagenous fibers in gel like ground substance
Chondrocytes located in small chambers (lacunae)
Cartilage lacks direct blood supply but gets nourishment from perichondrium by diffusion
Heals slowly, slow cell division

16. Types of cartilage tissues-
lacunae
Hyaline
most common type
Ends of bones, soft parts of nose, support rings of respiratory system
Important in bone growth & repair
Elastic
more flexible because of elastic fibers
External ear and larynx
Fibrocartilage
very tough with many collagenous fibers
Shock absorbers-vertebral disks, knees, pelvis

17. Bone-(Osseous tissue)
Characteristics
most rigid
collagen & mineral salts- calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate
good blood supply- heals rapidly
structure
Osteocytes: make bone
haversian canals: concentric patterns around vessels-
Canaliculi allow material to move through bone from vessles
function
support body structures
protect vital organs
attachments for muscles
red marrow- forms red blood cells
stores and released inorganic salts

18. Types of Bone Compact bone Spongy bone Forms dense part of bone
Filled with marrow

19. Blood cells suspended in a fluid ( blood plasma) structure function
Red & white cells, platelets
form from hemopoietic tissues in bone marrow
function
red cells- transport gasses white cells- fight infection, platelets- blood clotting

20. Muscle Tissue contractile tissue move body parts Types:
striations
contractile tissue move body parts
Types:
Skeletal muscle
attach to bones, voluntary movement
long cells up to 40 mm and narrow less than 0.1mm
Striations & multi nucleated
Nuclei cell

21. Types of muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac Muscle involuntary muscle
lack striations, short spindle shaped cells
Single nuclei centrally located
Walls of hallow organs: stomach, intestines, bladder, uterus, blood
Vessels
Cardiac Muscle
only found in the heart
Striated, branched interconnected cells
Single nucleus
Intercalated disc-intercellular junction
Involuntary contraction pumps blood through body

22. Nervous tissue Nervous tissue found in the brain, spinal cord, nerves
Neurons-
highly specialized cell that detect changes and transmit Impulses
Neuroglial cells-
support and bind the nervous tissue
Carry out phagocytosis, supply nutrients from vessels , cell to cell communication

23. Membranes
Simplest combination of tissues in the body to form a functional unit.
Epithelial membranes:
linings of organs, cavities
Cutaneous (skin)
Serous: pericardium, pluerae (lung), peritoneum
mucous: digestive, respiratory, reproductive
Synovial membranes:
produce lubricating fluid for joints