1. LT- Today, I can apply my understanding of the role of biomolecules in the body by solving problems as I draw evidence from informational texts and video.
What are biomolecules?
What role do biomolecules play in the body?

2. If we are composed of cells, what are cells made of
If we are composed of cells, what are cells made of? Building Blocks of Cells- Biomolecules

3. Building Blocks of Life
The parts of the cells are made up of large, complex molecules, often called biomolecules
(built from a few smaller simpler, repeating units arranged in an extremely precise order).
Carbon Compounds
The basic units of most biomolecules contain carbon atoms.

4. All forms of life are composed of biomolecules.
Biomolecules are organic molecules that build the cells (they are the smaller parts of cells).
Biomolecules provide cell structure, protection, and catalyze (cause) vital chemical reactions, each of the 4 biomolecules play a vital role in maintaining and propagating life.

5. The 4 Building Blocks:
1. Carbohydrates- molecules made of sugar.
Sugar contains
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
in a 1:2:1 ratio.

6. Monosaccharide (single sugar) Ex) Glucose C6H12O6
Simple Carbohydrate

7. Disaccharide (two sugars) Ex) Sucrose, Maltose, and Lactose
Simple Carbohydrate

8. Polysaccharide (many sugars) formed by repeating units of either mono- or di-saccharides joined together
Ex) Starch (plants), Glycogen (storage form of glucose in animals), and Cellulose
Complex Carbohydrate

9. Glycogen (storage form of glucose in animals) If all the sugar that is taken in by the cell is not used in Cellular Respiration: It gets stored in vacuoles as glycogen. Glycogen is a polysaccharide that is large enough to be stored in vacuoles. When the cell needs to use the stored glycogen for cellular respiration, lysosomes break it down in to glucose again.

10. Cells use carbohydrates for:
Energy
Structural Materials
Cellular Identification/Recognition

11. 2. Lipids- consist of chains of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms.
Molecules made of fatty acids and glycerol.
Ex) fats, phospholipids, steroids, waxes, Steroid hormones, and some pigments.

12. Cells use lipids for:
Storing energy
Controlling water movement

14. 3. Proteins- the workhorse molecules.
Made up of chains of amino acids that twist and fold into certain shapes.
SHAPE DETERMINES WHAT THE PROTEIN’S JOB is!!!!!!!!

15. Amino acids are made up of an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a variable group
There are 20 different amino acids found in proteins.
Some amino acids are essential which means the body can’t make the amino acid, so it must be eaten in the diet.
Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.

16. Provide structure and support Enable movement
Some proteins:
Provide structure and support
Enable movement
Aid in communications or transportation
Carry out chemical reactions (enzymes)
Important proteins:
Enzymes- build molecules and break them down.
Hormones- chemicals that are made by organs and secreted into the bloodstream. They initiate important changes/actions in the body.

17. 4. Nucleic Acids- store and transmit heredity information.
Are made up of a long chain of nucleotide units
Nucleotides contain
a base, a sugar group,
And a phosphate
group.

18. DNA (d sugar group)- Instructions for life.
Types of nucleotides:
DNA (d sugar group)- Instructions for life.
RNA (r sugar group)- Decodes DNA.
ATP- energy that the cell uses.
ATP is made up of a 5 carbon sugar (ribose), a phosphate group (3 phosphate molecules bonded together), and a nitrogen base (which is always adenine when it comes to atp. atp=adenosine triphosphate

19. The Universe and all things in the universe is made up of matter or energy.
Matter changes constantly.
The ability to move or change matter is energy.
Conservation of matter- matter is neither created nor destroyed, it only changes form.
Conservation of energy- energy is neither created nor destroyed, it only changes form.

20. The 2 ways that matter changes:
Physical Change- only shape or form changes.
Ex) H2O- Solid
H2O- Liquid
H2O- Gas
Chemical Change- substance changes into a different substance.
Ex) CO2+H2O→C6H12O6+O2

21. Living things use different chemical reactions to get energy needed.
Bonds between atoms are broken down and made into new ones.
Reactant (substance that is changed) → Product (New substance)

22. Look @ diagram on p.65 (energy and alignment)
Enzymes (protein) increase the speed of a biochemical reaction.
Molecules do not have to depend on random collisions.
Lowers activation energy needed in a reaction.

23. Enzymes have an active site (where reactions occur)
*The SHAPE of the active site determines which substrates will bind to it.*
Different enzymes act on specific subtrates.
Most enzymes are proteins. A change in temp. and pH can change a proteins shape- it won’t work well or at all.

24. Classified according to function, proteins fall into the following main groups:
Antibodies: proteins bind to specific foreign particles, such as viruses and bacteria, to help protect the body. Example: immunoglobulin
Enzymes: proteins that carry out almost all of the thousands of chemical reactions that take place in cells. They also assist with the formation of new molecules by reading the genetic information stored in DNA. Example: protease
Messengers: proteins, such as some types of hormones, that transmit signals to coordinate biological processes between different cells, tissues, and organs that possesses non-living substances. Example: growth hormone
Structural component: proteins that provide structure and support for cells. On a larger scale, they also allow the body to move. Example: actin
Transport and storage: proteins that bind and carry atoms and small molecules within cells and throughout the body. Example: hemoglobin