1. A B RIEF I NTRODUCTION TO P OLITICAL I DEOLOGIES ( BELIEFS )

2. L IBERALISM “Liber” means free – Latin Economist John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) Belief that individuals could be free with limited government

3. L IBERALISM - VALUES Intellectual Values Strong commitment to intellectual freedom Economic Values Generally, economic freedom. Stronger commitment to economic equality with limited govt. intervention in economy

4. C ONSERVATISM “conservare” – to save Emerged in Britain as reaction to the excesses of liberalism Major thinker: British statesman Edmund Burke (1729-97) Strong belief in tradition Against radical change

5. C ONSERVATISM - VALUES Intellectual Values Commitment to intellectual equality through censorship A bit of freedom Economic Values Strongly believe in economic freedom

6. S OCIALISM Associated with human rights First ideas date back to Plato, famous Greek philosopher of the fourth century B.C.E. Modern socialist ideas – more closely linked to Jean-Jacques Rousseau of the Enlightenment

7. ( SOCIALISM CONT ’ D ) And to Robert Owen of the Industrial Revolution Belief that humans - basically good Belief that progress and innovation – good Belief that government itself could make individuals free

8. S OCIALISM - VALUES Intellectual Values Support intellectual freedom Economic Values Support economic equality (community& govt. ownership of resources)

9. C OMMUNISM Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels co-wrote “The Communist Manifesto: in 1848 Like socialists, they believed in economic equality, but thought it would come about by violence, not cooperation In theory, a truly communist society would abolish private property, and government would disappear In reality, communist regimes have governments that intrude into every aspect of economic and intellectual life Ideology is linked to a vision of the future

10. C OMMUNIST L EADERS ( PAST & P RESENT ) Kim Jong Un (North Korea) Fidel Castro (Cuba)

11. C OMMUNISM - VALUES Intellectual Values Intellectual equality (censorship used heavily) Economic Values Economic equality (sharing of property & resources)

12. F ASCISM “fasces” – Latin, denotes a bundle of rods bound together around an axe Rods symbolize government’s power to keep law & order/control Axe symbolizes their authority to mete out punishment & death Ideology is linked to the past (tradition is key) Individual freedoms permitted only if they contributed to the good of the nation

13. F ASCISM CONT ’ D Based on idea that a mythical, ideal age once existed which could be reborn In this mythical era, citizens were racially “pure” and ranked in a strict social order ruled by a strong father figure Benito Mussolini Nazis under Adolf Hitler

14. F ASCISM - VALUES Intellectual Values No room for intellectual freedom Economic Values Limited freedom Tightly regulated businesses & property that must be run in the interest of the country