1. The Great Depression and the Rise of Totalitarianism
CHAPTER 28
4/15/2018
CHAPTER 28
The Great Depression and the Rise of Totalitarianism
Section 1: The Postwar Era
Section 2: Postwar Prosperity Crumbles
Section 3: Political Tensions After World War I
Section 4: Fascist Dictatorships
Section 5: Dictatorship in the Soviet Union

2. The Postwar Era Objectives: Section 1:
Explain how scientific theories affected thinking in other areas of life.
Identify ways in which writers, musicians, painters, and architects experimented with new forms.
Describe how popular culture and consumerism affected societies.

3. The Effects of Scientific Events and Ideas
Section 1:
The Postwar Era
The Effects of Scientific Events and Ideas
A global epidemic
Spanish Flu 1919
Killed 20 million people across the world
Scientific and social theories
Psychology: Study of the unconscious mind
Sigmund Freud
Other looked to science to explain ideas about war

4. New Directions in Literature
Section 1:
The Postwar Era
New Directions in Literature
Dissatisfaction with traditional ideas, disillusionment
Saw world in decay
Tried to portray life in a dreamlike manner
Surrealism
Examination of unconscious motivations
Poetry without rhyme with lines of varying lengths

5. New Directions in Literature
Section 1:
The Postwar Era
New Directions in Literature
Major Figures
Gertrude Stein
Ernest hemingway
Marcel Proust
Thomas Mann
Franz Kafka
TS Eliot

6. New Directions in Music, Painting, and Architecture
Section 1:
The Postwar Era
New Directions in Music, Painting, and Architecture
Music
Used different instruments in different keys at the same time
Jazz developed
radio gave rise to jazz
Fusion of African and Latin American styles
Major Figures
Stravinsky, Schoenberg, Billie Holiday

7. New Directions in Music, Painting, and Architecture
Section 1:
The Postwar Era
New Directions in Music, Painting, and Architecture
Painting
Picasso created cubism
Dali used surrealism to portray life in a dream
Dadaism (random images to reflect insanity)

8. New Directions in Music, Painting, and Architecture
Section 1:
The Postwar Era
New Directions in Music, Painting, and Architecture
Architecture
Sullivan used functionalism, developed the skyscraper
Frank Lloyd Wright influenced international style

9. Popular Culture and Consumerism
Section 1:
The Postwar Era
Popular Culture and Consumerism
Entertainment
motion pictures, business of sports
Consumer culture
more luxury items purchased
radio advertising
buying on credit
prohibition

10. Postwar Prosperity Crumbles
Section 2:
Postwar Prosperity Crumbles
Objectives:
Identify the weaknesses that appeared in the global economy during the postwar era.
Describe how nations initially responded to the Great Depression.
Explain how the New Deal marked a shift in the U.S. government’s relationship with its citizens and the economy.

11. Signs of Economic Troubles
Section 2:
Postwar Prosperity Crumbles
Signs of Economic Troubles
Farmers suffered from the Dust Bowl (Drought)
farmers struggled while industry prospered
Demand for crops lessened
Farmers made very little money
Protectionism
economic nationalism
High American tariffs
Europeans unable to make money and repay debts

12. Signs of Economic Troubles
Section 2:
Postwar Prosperity Crumbles
Signs of Economic Troubles
Speculation and panic
Stock prices overvalued
People sell their stocks and the prices fall
risky investments in stock market
Black Tuesday occurred when stock market crashed

13. Postwar Prosperity Crumbles
Section 2:
Postwar Prosperity Crumbles
The Great Depression
Millions went bankrupt
People were unable to repay debts
banks failed
Caused a world wide Depression
Governments in France and Germany fell by 1933

14. Postwar Prosperity Crumbles
Section 2:
Postwar Prosperity Crumbles
The New Deal
Before 1933, US had no social welfare programs to help the poor
Americans who lost their jobs had to rely on familiy and charity
Program of relief and reform
Social Security Act provided for unemployment and old-age benefits

15. Postwar Prosperity Crumbles
Section 2:
Postwar Prosperity Crumbles
The New Deal
Program of relief and reform
Social Security Act provided for unemployment and old-age benefits
Congress passed other emergency relief programs
Government became deeply involved in the welfare of its citizens

16. Political Tensions After World War I
Section 3:
Political Tensions After World War I
Objectives:
Describe the difficulties that France faced during the postwar years.
Explain how the British government dealt with its domestic problems.
Identify the problems that weakened eastern European governments.

17. France’s Postwar Difficulties
Section 3:
Political Tensions After World War I
France’s Postwar Difficulties
The economy
government and individuals were in debt
International affairs
Locarno Pact pledged that countries would peacefully settle all future disputes
Afraid of a German invasion
Built the Maginot Line

18. France’s Postwar Difficulties
Section 3:
Political Tensions After World War I
France’s Postwar Difficulties
Political unrest
strikes in various industries and riots by conservatives
The Popular Front (Socialists) came to power
Led by Leon Blum
Made reforms (40 hour work week, paid vacation)
Government fell in a year
Reforms disappeared

19. Great Britain After World War I
Section 3:
Political Tensions After World War I
Great Britain After World War I
Labor troubles
outdated industry and high unemployment
Socialist under Ramsey MacDonald took power in 1924
Tightened budget and protected industry

20. Great Britain After World War I
Section 3:
Political Tensions After World War I
Great Britain After World War I
Ireland
bloody revolt against Great Britain
Irish Republican Army fought for independence
Formed the Irish Free State in 1922
Later fought a short civil war

21. Political Tensions After World War I
Section 3:
Political Tensions After World War I
Eastern Europe
Weak economies
Conflicts between socialists and conservatives
New boundaries caused unrest
New democratic goverments were overthrown and replaced with monarchies or dictatorships

22. Fascist Dictatorships
Section 4:
Fascist Dictatorships
Objectives:
Describe how Benito Mussolini transformed Italy into a fascist state.
Explain why the Weimar Republic failed.
Trace how Adolf Hitler became an important figure in Germany.
Describe how the Nazis used power in Germany.

23. The Rise of Fascism in Italy
Section 4:
Fascist Dictatorships
The Rise of Fascism in Italy
Fascist doctrine
dictatorship and totalitarianism
opposed communism and democracy
Promised to maintain the class structure
Mussolini’s rise to power
WWI veteran

24. The Rise of Fascism in Italy
Section 4:
Fascist Dictatorships
The Rise of Fascism in Italy
Created Fascist Party in 1919-called the Black Shirts
Promised to protect against Communists
Took over the government in 1922
appointed Fascists to all official positions in center government – total control
The corporatist state
major economic activities were organized similar to corporations

25. The Rise of Fascism in Italy
Section 4:
Fascist Dictatorships
The Rise of Fascism in Italy

26. Fascist Dictatorships
Section 4:
Fascist Dictatorships
The Weimar Republic
Treaty of Versailles was humiliating
opposed Germany’s interests
High unemployment
Soaring inflation
Hyper inflation
More than 10,000%

27. Fascist Dictatorships
Section 4:
Fascist Dictatorships
The Weimar Republic

28. Fascist Dictatorships
Section 4:
Fascist Dictatorships
The Nazis and Hitler
Nazi Party
Created before WWI
was extremely nationalistic
anti-Semitic
anticommunist
Hitler wrote Mein Kampf, which planned for racial purity, promised to repeal Treaty of Versailles

29. Fascist Dictatorships
Section 4:
Fascist Dictatorships
The Nazis in Power
Created anticommunist hysteria

30. Fascist Dictatorships
Section 4:
Fascist Dictatorships
The Nazis in Power
Moved into the Rhineland in 1936
Ignored by Britain and France
Created the Rome-Berlin Axis with Italy in 1936

31. Dictatorship in the Soviet Union
Section 5:
Dictatorship in the Soviet Union
Objectives:
Identify the terms of the New Economic Policy.
Describe how Stalin shaped the Soviet economy.
Explain why Stalin imprisoned and executed millions of Soviet people.

32. Dictatorship in the Soviet Union
Section 5:
Dictatorship in the Soviet Union
Russia Under Lenin
Civil War
Red Army won the war
New Economic Policy (NEP)
nationalized industries
Created a command economy
collectivized farms

33. Dictatorship in the Soviet Union
Section 5:
Dictatorship in the Soviet Union
Russia Under Lenin
Women’s roles
gave women more rights
Education was priority

34. Dictatorship in the Soviet Union
Section 5:
Dictatorship in the Soviet Union
The Five-Year Plan
Ambitious agricultural, industrial, and social goals to create a modern, industrialized society
Focused on military production
Caused hardships for Soviet people, were forced to comply

35. Stalin’s Dictatorship
Section 5:
Dictatorship in the Soviet Union
Stalin’s Dictatorship
Josef Stalin seized power by 1927
Ruled by fear
Used secret police
Called NKVD
Outlawed religious instruction

36. Stalin’s Dictatorship
Section 5:
Dictatorship in the Soviet Union
Stalin’s Dictatorship
Government under Stalin
Stalin controlled the Politburo
Ran the government
purge of disloyal party members
extended to general population
Foreign policy
wanted rest of world to accept Soviet Union
tried to spread Communist revolution

37. Stalin’s Dictatorship
Section 5:
Dictatorship in the Soviet Union
Stalin’s Dictatorship