2. Name/ Lamiaa Fathy Asal
Specialization / poultry
Advisor / prof .Dr Hassan saber zeweil

3. The biological role of antioxidants for decreasing the damage impact of free radicals in rabbits

4. Introduction

5. What are Free Radicals?
A free radical is an unstable molecule that loses one of its electrons and therefore becomes unbalanced and highly reactive.
Free radicals damage healthy cells and in turn impair the body’s normal functions.

6. How are Free Radicals Produced?
normal respiration
metabolism
exposure to air pollutants
sun exposure
radiation from X-rays
drugs
viruses
bacteria
parasites
dietary fats
stress
injury

7. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Free radicals have been implicated as playing a role in the etiology of cardiovascular disease, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease.
Harmful free radicals are toxic molecules of oxygen that damage every area of our bodies. One free radical can initiate tens of thousands of chain reactions that cause tremendous harm (destroy cell membranes, disrupt crucial processes in the body, reprogram DNA, form mutant cells, and more).

8. MEASUREMENT OF FREE RADICALS
When a fatty acid is peroxidized it is broken down into aldehydes, which are excreted. Aldehydes such as thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS) have been widely accepted as a general marker of free radical production. The most commonly measured TBARS is malondialdehyde (MDA)

9. ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSES
Antioxidant means "against oxidation." Antioxidants work to protect lipids from peroxidation by radicals. Antioxidants are effective because they are willing to give up their own electrons to free radicals. When a free radical gains the electron from an antioxidant it no longer needs to attack the cell and the chain reaction of oxidation is broken (4). After donating an electron an antioxidant becomes a free radical by definition. Antioxidants in this state are not harmful because they have the ability to accommodate the change in electrons without becoming reactive. The human body has an elaborate antioxidant defense system. Antioxidants are manufactured within the body and can also be extracted from the food humans eat such as fruits, vegetables, seeds, nuts, meats, and oil. There are two lines of antioxidant defense within the cell. The first line, found in the fat-soluble cellular membrane consists of vitamin E, beta-carotene, and coenzyme Q (10). Of these, vitamin E is considered the most potent chain breaking antioxidant within the membrane of the cell. Inside the cell water soluble antioxidant scavengers are present. These include vitamin C, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase (SD), and catalase. Only those antioxidants that are commonly supplemented (vitamins A, C, E and the mineral selenium)

10. An in vitro study on reproductive toxicity of
aluminium chloride on rabbit sperm: The
protective role of some antioxidants
Mokhtar I. Yousef a,∗, Kamel I. Kamelb,
Marwa I. El-Guendi a, Fatma M. El-Demerdash a
a Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University,
163 Horreya Avenue, P.O. Box 832, El-Chatby, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
b Animal Production Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
Received 11 April 2007; received in revised form 10 July 2007; accepted 11 July 2007
Available online 17 July 2007

11. EXPERIMENTAL design With vit c (1mMol ) With vit E(2mMol) Without vit
Positive control
1mMol AlCl3
5 mMol AlCl3
10 mMol AlCl3
15 mMol AlCl3
20 mMol AlCl3
Positive control
1mMol AlCl3
5 mMol AlCl3
10 mMol AlCl3
15 mMol AlCl3
20 mMol AlCl3
Negative control
1mMol AlCl3
5 mMol AlCl3
10 mMol AlCl3
15 mMol AlCl3
20 mMol AlCl3

12. Results

13. Fig. 1. Changes in motility (%) and viability (%) of rabbit sperm at 0, 2 and 4 h of incubation with AlCl3 alone or with vitamin C (Vit. C 1mM) (mean±S.E.). Asterisk (*) indicates significant (p < 0.05) effect of treatment with AlCl3 alone compared to control without Vit. C or in combination with Vit. C compared to control with Vit. C.

14. Fig. 2. Changes in motility (%) and viability (%) of rabbit sperm at 0, 2 and 4 h of incubation with AlCl3 alone or in combination with vitamin E (Vit. E 2mM) (mean±S.E.). Asterisk (*) indicates significant (p < 0.05) effect of treatment with AlCl3 alone compared to control without Vit. E or in combination with Vit. E compared to control with Vit. E.

15. Fig. 3. Changes in TBARS levels and activities of SOD, CAT, ALT, AST and ACP in rabbit sperm after 2 h incubation with AlCl3 alone or in combination with vitamin C (Vit. C; 1mM) (mean±S.E.). Asterisk (*) indicates significant (p < 0.05) effect of treatment with AlCl3 alone compared to control without Vit. C or in combination with Vit. C compared to control with Vit. C.

16. Fig. 4. Changes in TBARS levels, activities of SOD,CAT, AST,ALT andACP in rabbit sperm after 2 h incubation with AlCl3 alone or in combination with vitamin E (Vit. E 2mM) (mean±S.E.). Asterisk (*) indicates significant (p < 0.05) effect of treatment with AlCl3 alone compared to control without Vit. E or in combination with Vit. E compared to control with Vit. E.

17. Fig. 5. Changes in TBARS levels and activities of SOD, CAT, AST, ALT and ACP in rabbit sperm after 4 h incubation with AlCl3 alone or in combination with vitamin C (Vit. C 1mM) (mean±S.E.). Asterisk (*) indicates significant (p < 0.05) effect of treatment with AlCl3 alone compared to control without Vit. C or in combination with Vit. C compared to control with Vit. C.

18. Fig. 6. Changes in TBARS levels, activities of SOD,CAT, AST,ALT andACP in rabbit sperm after 4 h incubation with AlCl3 alone or in combination with vitamin E (Vit. E 2mM) (mean±S.E.). Asterisk (*) indicates significant (p < 0.05) effect of treatment with AlCl3 alone compared to control without Vit. E or in combination with Vit. E compared to control with Vit. E.

19. Conclusion

20. the obtained results showed that aluminium chloride exerted reproductive toxicity in a dose and time-dependent manner on rabbit sperm in vitro. Aluminium chloride increased TBARS level, and changed the activities of antioxidant enzymes, transaminases and acid phosphatase. It also caused a decline in sperm motility and viability more likely through other mechanisms than oxidative injury, which require more investigation. The use of vitamin C or vitamin E disturbing effects on free radicals level and enzymatic activity, but not on motility and viability.

21. Antioxidant activities and lipid lowering effects of isoflavone in
male rabbits
Mokhtar I. Yousef a,*, Kamel I. Kamel b, Alshaimaa M. Esmail a, Hoda H. Baghdadi a
a Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, 163, Horreya Avenue,
P.O. Box 832, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
b Animal Production Research Institute, P.O. Box 12618, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
Received 27 October 2003; accepted 19 April 2004
Abstract

22. EXPERIMENTAL Diets Control 6 rabbits 2.5 mg isoflavones /kg B.W

23. Results

24. Fig. 1. Changes in plasma thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) during treatment of male rabbits with either 2.5 or 5 mg/kg B.W. doses of isoflavone.

25. Table 1:Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and glutathion-Stransferase (GST) activity in plasma, liver, testes and brain during treatment of male rabbits with either 2.5 or 5 mg/kg doses of isoflavones
Parameter
Isoflavones
Control
2.5 mg/kg
5 mg/kg
Plasma
TBARS
(nmol/ml)
1.82±0.06a
1.16±0.07b
1.15±0.08b
GST (μmol/h)
0.53±0.007a
0.53±0.006a
0.53±0.005a
Liver
TBARS*
14.06±0.99a
11.5±0.15b
10.3±1.78b
GST**
1.04±0.007a
1.05±0.032a
1.04±0.020a
Testes
12.01±0.31a
7.25±0.1.60b
9.45±0.46ab
0.51±0.09a
0.51±0.011a
0.49±0.004a
Brain
36.1±2.67a
31.9±4.18ab
24.3±1.6b
0.49±0.003a
Kidney
11.8±5.78a
7.3±4.05b
9.5 ±3.75ab
0.56±0.006a
0.54±0.013a
0.57±0.008a
Values are expressed as overall means±SE; n ¼ 6 for each treatment group.
abWithin row overall mean with different superscript letter differ significantly (P < 0:05).
*TBARS is expressed as nmol/g tissue.
**GST specific activity: lmol/h/mg protein.

26. Table 2: Plasma lipid and lipoprotein profiles during treatment of male rabbits with either 2.5 or 5 mg/kg doses of isoflavones
Lipids (mg/dl)
Isoflavones
Control
2.5 mg/kg
5 mg/kg TL
557±38.7a
459±15.4b
440±17.9b
Cholesterol
152±2.1a
122±1.9b
121±2.3b TG
168.6±7.8a
139.1±4.8b
129.7±2.7c
HDL
34.9±0.33b
44.4±0.67a
45.5±0.89a
LDL
108±2.4a
87±2.0b
84±2.2b
VLDL
33.7±1.56a
27.8±0.97b
25.9±0.53b
LDL:HDL ratio
3.1 ±0.08a
2.0±0.06b
1.9±0.08b
Cholesterol (% TL)
30.1±2.79a
28.8±1.01a
29.2±1.13a
Values are expressed as overall means±SE; n ¼ 6 rabbits for each treatment group.
abcWithin row, means with different superscript letters differ significantly (P < 0:05).
TL: total lipids, TG: triglycerides, HDL: high density lipoprotein, LDL: low density lipoprotein, VLDL: very low density lipoprotein

27. Fig. 2. Changes in plasma total lipids, cholesterol and triglycerides during treatment of male rabbits with either 2.5 or 5 mg/kg B.W. doses of isoflavone.

28. Fig. 3. Changes in plasma high density lipoproteins (HDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and LDL:HDL ratio during treatment of male rabbits with either 2.5 or 5 mg/kg B.W. oses of isoflavone.

29. Conclusion

30. The results of the present study led to the conclusion that isoflavone dosages (2.5 or 5 mg/kg body weight), which is more than two or four times to the amounts consumed (40 mg) in many Eastern nations (Adlercreutz et al., 1995), have beneficial effect on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, TBARS level and antioxidant activities in rabbits. Also, the 5 mg/kg dose of isoflavones was more effective than the 2.5 mg/kg dose on lipids and lipo-protein profiles, but more studies would help to confirm the optimal amount required. Therefore, the animal’s diet must contain an adequate level of soybean, which covers the isoflavones requirements

32. COMBINED THERAPY WITH ANTIOXIDANTS AGAINST CADMIUM
INDUCED TESTICULAR DYSFUNCTION IN RABBITS
Magda M. ElTohamy
National Research Center, Department of Animal reproduction& AI, Cairo, Egypt

33. EXPERIMENTAL Diets Control Cadmium Cadmium 12 rabbits 12 rabbits
&Antioxidants
12 rabbits

34. Results

35. Table 1 Serum parameters of rabbits received cadmium and cadmium and antioxidants.
Control
Cadmium
&Antioxidants
AST (U/L)
91.5 ±4.6a
205.9±8.9©
8.15±133.2a
ALT(U/L)
1.6± 0.22a
4.99±1.1©
2.37±0.5 a
GGT (U/L)
14.9± 1.3a
25.9±1.7©
15.5± 2.7 a
LDH (U/L)
1303±69.9a
1177±40.5©
1225±81a
ALP (U/L)
1732±101a
1800±199 ©
1715±211 a
GST((nmol/ml blood x10
0.66±0.04a
0.81±0.04 ©
0.59±0.02 a
Different superscripts in row indicates significantly different means at(P <0.05).

36. Table 2 Testicular parameters of rabbits received cadmium and Cadmium and antioxidants.
Control
Cadmium
Cadmium and
antioxidants
Cd concen. (ug/gm
tissue)
0.35±0.04ª
39.33±6.66©
0.33±0.03ª
LPO (nmol/gm
142.66±8.5ª
403.76±12.3 ©
139.45±7.6ª
AcP (IU/mg)
566.0±7.7ª
513.8±8.65©
592.22±32.8ª
ALP (IU/mg)
988.32±34.8 ª
867.4±16.6©
122.6±16.8ª
LDH (IU/mg)
2110±23.3ª
2860±43.2 ©
1992±36.7ª
AST (IU/mg)
59.9±2.0ª
48.9±2.33©
58.6±1.65ª
ALT (IU/mg)
16.6±4.3ª
12.7±8.8©
18.4±8.6ª
SOD (IU/mg)
165.5±22.5ª
99.8±13.3©
177.0±24.6ª
GST(IU/mg)
0.35±0.02ª
3.6±0.9©
0.30±0.9ª
Different superscripts in row indicates significantly different means at (P < 0.05)

37. Table 3.GSH-Px, GR, activities in red blood cells, GST in the plasma and GSH in whole blood in the three groups.
Parameters
Control
Cadmium
Cadmium and
antioxidant
GSH-Px(nmol/mlblood
x10)
22.0 ± 3.6 ª
34.0 ± 7.4 ©
24.0 ± 2.02 ª
GR (nmol/ml blood
X10)
29.7 ± 4.3 ª
40.0 ± 5.8 ©
31.2 ± 6.4 ª
GST (nmol/ml
bloodX10
34.8 ± 3.2 ª
41.84 ± 1.97 ©
28.9 ± 3.31ª
GSH (nmol/mlX10
9.9 ± 0.6 ª
13.0 ± 1.72 ©
10.2 ± 1.7 ª
Different superscripts in row indicate significantly different means at(P < 0.05).

38. Conclusion

39. the antioxidant used is effective in combating celldamaging free radicals, which are known to contribute towards testicular dysfunction. Studies have shown that antioxidants are uniquely different from one another and each have a specific function in the body. They are also synergistic, and will work most effectively when they are used together. These combinations can perform a wide range of metabolic activities, free radical scavenging and preventive actions. The present antioxidant formula used as a blend of antioxidants specifically designed to assist the body in overcoming a vast array of physiological stressors and to help avert the effects of Cd-induced testicular dysfunctions.