1. CH 8 NOTES
THE JEFFERSON
ERA

2. THE ELECTION OF 1800 FEDERALISTS: JOHN ADAMS & CHARLES PINCKNEY
Rule by wealthy class
Strong federal government
Emphasis on manufacturing
Loose interpretation of the Constitution
British Alliance

3. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICANS: THOMAS JEFFERSON & AARON BURR
Rule by the people
Strong state governments
Emphasis on agriculture
Strict interpretation of the Constitution
French alliance

4. The election was deadlocked
Jefferson and Burr both received 73 electoral votes
The House of Representatives would have to decide

5. Day after day, each new vote ended in a tie
Jefferson finally won on the 36th vote
Hamilton swung the vote to Jefferson by spreading insults about Burr
The problem with the voting system led Congress to propose the 12th amendment
This created a separate ballot for president and vice president

6. JEFFERSON’S POLICIES
Democratic-Republicans controlled both houses of congress
Jefferson allowed the Alien and Sedition Acts to expire
He reduced the size of the army and navy
Eliminated certain taxes
Agreed to leave the National Bank
Reduced the national debt
Reduced the number of government employees

7. MARBURY V. MADISON
Before Adams left office, the Federalists passed the Judiciary Act of 1801
This created 16 new judgeships that President Adams filled with Federalists before leaving office
They were called midnight judges because they were appointed the night before he left office

8. Some of these appointments were made so late that the documents to authorize them were not delivered in time
William Marbury, a judge named by President Adams, did not receive his documents before Adams left office

9. When Jefferson took over, Marbury demanded the documents
Madison, the new Secretary of State, refused and said the documents were not valid
Marbury sued and asked the Supreme Court to order the papers to be delivered

10. Marbury claimed the Judiciary Act of 1789 gave the Supreme Court the power to do so
John Marshall, A federalist appointed by Adams, was the chief justice of the Supreme Court

11. The court declared that part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional (Judicial Review)
Under the constitution, Congress could not give the Supreme Court such power
Justice Marshall said that the Constitution gave the Supreme Court the authority to hear only certain types of cases
Marbury’s case was not one of them, therefore it is unconstitutional

12. LOUISIANA PURCHASE
As the 1800s began, the United States was expanding westward
Spain controlled Louisiana, but found it impossible to keep Americans out of it
They agreed to trade it to France, and pass the problem on to someone else
France was led by Napoleon, a powerful ruler who had conquered most of Europe
He wanted to build an empire in North America

14. Enslaved Africans in the Caribbean revolted against French rule
France was at war with Great Britain again
Napoleon needed his army elsewhere and also needed money for supplies
The U.S. was only trying to buy New Orleans
Napoleon sold all of Louisiana for $15 mil. (congress authorized $1 mil., Jefferson authorized $10 mil.)

16. VALUE OF TERRITORY: AVERAGE COST PER ACRE: THEN – $15 MILLION
The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the U.S.
It provided many natural resources and major agricultural and livestock production
VALUE OF TERRITORY:
THEN –
$15 MILLION
NOW –
$300 BILLION
AVERAGE COST PER ACRE:
THEN – 3¢
NOW - $1000

17. THE COMING OF WAR Great Britain and France were at war
American trade was threatened
American shipping had neutral rights
Britain blockaded the French coast
France said it would search and seize ships trading with Britain
Barbary pirates from North Africa attacked American ships until the USS Constitution was sent in

18. Britain needed sailors
They searched American ships for sailors they thought had run away from the British Navy
Sometimes deserters were captured, but thousands of impressed Americans were also taken

19. Impressment – the practice of forcing people to serve in the army or navy.

20. Britain’s violations of neutrality sparked Americans for a response
Instead of war, Jefferson urged congress to pass the Embargo Act
The Embargo Act banned trade with all foreign countries
The Embargo Act backfired

21. The effects were devastating to American businesses
Northern states were losing money
The Embargo Act damaged Jefferson’s popularity
It had little effect on Britain and France

22. Conflicts in the West
Settlers continued to pour into the Northwest Territory
Native Americans were still angry and continued their association with the British
The British began to arm the Natives, spreading fear with the settlers

23. Tecumseh tried to unite the Natives

24. The Governor (William Henry Harrison) of the Northwest territory tried to get Tecumseh to follow the Treaty
Tecumseh refused and fighting broke out
U.S. forces defeated Tecumseh in the Battle of Tippecanoe

25. WAR HAWKS
War Hawks – a name given to several young members of congress who were calling for war against Britain
They wanted to stop British influence on Native Americans and invade Canada to gain more land
New England Federalists wanted peace to renew their business ties with Britain

26. DECLARING WAR
Madison became president in 1808 and had to deal with the trade wars left by Jefferson
In 1812, for the first time in American history, congress declared war
Months later, Madison was elected to a second term

27. Again the U.S. was unprepared for war
An army of 7,000 men
Militia with 50,000 to 100,000 poorly trained soldiers
Two attempts to invade Canada were stopped by the British

28. WAR OF 1812 WAR AT SEA: British Navy had hundreds of ships
U.S. Navy had less than 20 and none as powerful as the British
The U.S. had well-trained sailors and new ships such as the Constitution
The U.S. ships were also much faster
U.S. won many one-on-one battles, but the British eventually blockaded the ports

29. BRITISH ATTACKS IN THE EAST:
The British won the war against France in 1814
They were able to send more troops to the U.S.
British attacked Washington D.C.
Forced Madison to flee
Burned and destroyed the city

30. British sail on to Baltimore
Roads were barricaded and the harbor was blocked
Shelled Fort McHenry for 25 hours
Fort McHenry did not surrender
British chose to retreat

31. BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS:
British hoped to take control of the Mississippi River
Jackson commanded a mix of troops including African Americans, Indians, state militia, and pirates

32. British attack Jackson

33. British are caught in an open field
British were cut down quickly
More than 2,000 British were killed
Jackson was a hero
The last major conflict of the War of 1812 occurred after the treaty was signed

34. CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF THE WAR
Treaty of Ghent ended the War of 1812
CAUSES OF WAR OF 1812:
- Impressment
- Interference with shipping
- British aid to Native Americans

35. EFFECTS OF THE WAR OF 1812:
- Increased sense of pride
- boost in manufacturing
- Indian resistance weakened