1. Nerede modal, orada özel anlam.
MODALITY
Nerede modal, orada özel anlam.

2. Her bir modal’ın birden fazla özel anlamı olabilir.
Ability Permission
Permission Possibility
Possibility Prohibition Can Request May Request
Offer Offer
Suggestion Wish

3. Permission can Request can may could could may might might will would
Her bir özel anlam da birden fazla modal ile karşılanabilir.
Permission can Request can may could
could may
might might
will
would

4. MODALLARIN TEK BAŞINA ANLAMI VE ZAMANI YOKTUR
CAN MIGHT
CÜMLE İÇİNDE ANLAM VE ZAMAN KAZANARAK MODALITY OLUR
He can ride a bike.
Yiğit might give a lot of homework.

5. Modal ve phrasal modal’lardan sonra fiilin hali gelir.
kök (Vbase)

6. Türkçe’ye takılarla veya özel anlam kelimesi kullanılarak çevrilebilir.
Örnek:
Anybody can make mistakes.
a. Herkes hata yapabilir.
b. Herkesin hata yapma olasılığı vardır.

7. MODALITY can may might must will have to dare to shall appear to could
MODALS
PHRASAL MODALS
can
may
might
must
will
shall
could
ought to
should
would
Auxiliary
Full
have to
dare to
appear to
seem to
need to
used to
happen to
be able to be supposed to
be likely to be bound to
be willing to be obliged to
be reluctant to have got to
be going to would rather
be about to would sooner
be to had better/best
Dare need

8. general/theoretical possibility general/theoretical possibility
CAN
general ability
He can/is able to analyse people’s handwriting
Look! I can ride a horse
Can I drink water in the classroom?
You can drink water in the classroom
Can gases freeze?
Miracles can be real
Can you put the children to bed?
Can I have a glass of water?
I cannot join you with that plan
Can I carry your bag?
I can baby-sit for you if you like
If you haven’t got anything to do you can
sort out your photos
A: There’s the doorbell. Who can it be?
B: It can only be the postman
general ability
request
permission
permission
general ability
general/theoretical possibility
offer
general/theoretical possibility
request
general/
theoretical possibility
request
unwillingness
assumption
offer
unwillingness
offer
permission
suggestion
suggestion
assumption

9. COULD
past ability
She could read when she was four
He tried very hard, but he couldn’t
swim back to the boat
A: Could I ask you something?
B: Yes, you can .
No, you can’t.
It could be frightening if you were
alone in a big house. …………
It could rain later this evening. …………
If I were you, I could stop smoking
Could you lend me five pounds until tomorrow?
She could go to Karaca for English
I could mend your bike for you, if that would help? ………
He couldn’t be the manager. He is too young……………..
present unreal
past ability
request
permission
possibility
future possibility
possibility
offer
future possibility
permission
present unreal
suggestion
request
suggestion
past ability
offer
assumption
assumption

10. MAY May I put the TV on? …………............
wish
offer
prohibition
future possibility
request
permission
permission
May I put the TV on? …………
You may not use the staff car park
We may go climbing in the Alps next summer
May you both be very happy! / May she rest in peace!
I may take care of your baby if you like
May I have some salad please?
prohibition
future possibility
wish
offer
request

11. MIGHT You might go out tonight............................
request
present unreal
permission
future possibility
suggestion
You might go out tonight
Might I have some soup please?
There might be a strike next week
If I were you, I might stop smoking
You might try asking your uncle for a job
permission
request
future possibility
present unreal
suggestion

12. unwillingness/refusal characteristic behaviour
I will be happy when this is finished
I really will stop smoking
‘ Give me a kiss’ ‘ No I won’t.’
You will do it because I said so
Won’t you have some more salad?
Will you send me the bill please?
You have been studying hard.
You will pass the exam
Sulphuric acid will dissolve most metals....
future
characteristic behaviour
intention
intention
unwillingness/refusal
offer
insistence
future
offer
request
request
insistence
prediction
prediction
unwillingness/refusal
characteristic behaviour

13. in contracts & other legal documents
SHALL
asking for guidance
offer
intention
in contracts & other legal documents
Shall I carry your bag?
This is an important point. I/We shall come back to it
What on earth shall we do with that money?
The hirer shall be responsible for maintenance of the vehicle
offer
intention
asking for guidance
in contracts & other legal documents

14. SHOULD
prediction
logical conclusion
unreal present
advice
probability
obligation
obligation
People should come to work on time
You should see ‘ God Father’ – it’s a great film
Susan spent three years in Spain,
she should speak Spanish
If you should see him, tell him to phone me
This training should be beneficial for you
If I were you, I should stop smoking
advice
logical conclusion
probability
prediction
unreal present

15. OUGHT TO
prediction
obligation
advice
logical conclusion
obligation
I really ought to ask my mother
People ought not to drive like that
What time ought I to arrive?
I haven’t seen her. She ought to be at home
You really ought to give up smoking
This training ought to be beneficial for you
obligation
obligation
logical conclusion
advice
prediction

16. obligation/necessity
MUST
assumption
obligation/necessity
prohibition
suggestion
obligation/necessity
-I really must stop smoking
-You mustn’t/can’t open this parcel until Christmas
-‘There is a light on in her room’
‘ She must be in her room’ ………… ‘She can’t be asleep.’
-You must eat in that restaurant one day
prohibition
assumption
suggestion

17. WOULD will’in past karşılığı
certainty
certainty
probability
probability
offer
offer
present unreal
present unreal
past habit
(with event verbs)
past habit
(with event verbs)
polite request/refuse
polite request/refuse
She said that she would come tomorrow
I would/ used to drink milk every
night when I was a child
Would you open the window, please?
If I were you, I would stop smoking
That would be his car
Would you like tea or coffee?
If you know our teacher, you would know
that he will be upset when he hears that
will’in past karşılığı
past habit (with event verbs)
polite request/refuse
present unreal
probability
offer
certainty

18. logical conclusion / assumption
prediction
request
unreality
permission
obligation
can
will
would
could
may
might
could
would
should
might
must
should
ought to
ought to
should
will
Can
May
Might
Could
logical conclusion / assumption
possibility
offer
should
ought to
must
can
could
would
could
can
will
may
shall
Can
Could
May
Might
Would
Should

19. AUXILIARY PHRASAL MODALS
Be able to / be unable to
( ability )
Some people are able to walk on their hands.
Jenny was able to leave the hospital only
six hours after the baby was born. ( geçmiş bir eylemin
gerçekleşmesindeki başarı / başarısızlık )
Be likely to / be unlikely to
( bir olayın gerçekleşme
olasılığını vermek için)
Do you think it’s likely to rain?
I’m likely to be busy tomorrow.
He’s unlikely to agree with you.

20. Be willing to / be unwilling to
( istekliliği / isteksizliği vermek için)
He was still willing to marry her.
If you are willing to fly at night, you can find a cheaper ticket.
Be reluctant to
( isteksizlik )
Most students are reluctant to do a lot of homework.
He is reluctant to be photographed.

21. Be supposed to Be obliged to ( zorunluluk bildirir)
Insanların kurallara ya da yasalara göre neler
yapmaları gerektiğini veya
olması beklenen şeyi söylemek için kullanılır.
Be supposed to
You aren’t supposed to park here.
This stuff is supposed to kill flies.
Eating sweets is supposed to be bad for your teeth.
He was supposed to phone me but he didn’t.
Be obliged to
( zorunluluk bildirir)
Doctors are legally obliged to take precautions.
I felt obliged to invite him to the party.

22. ( bir olayın gelecekte olması kaçınılmaz ise)
Be bound to
( bir olayın gelecekte olması kaçınılmaz ise)
He’s bound to fail the exam if he doesn’t do any revision.
Sooner or later, it was bound to happen.
Be going to
( prediction/ intention )
I’m tired. I’m going to sleep 10 hours. ( intention )
Look out ! They are going to crash ( prediction )
Be to
( obligation/ arrangement for future / prohibition )
The P.M. is to visit China this week. ( arrangement)
You are to do your homework .( obligation)
You are not to park here. (prohibition)
Tülay was to watch the movie. (izleyecekti)
( geçmişte belirli bir zaman diliminin geleceğini belirtmek için. )

23. ( bir olayın çok yakında olacağını belirtmek için)
Be about to
( bir olayın çok yakında olacağını belirtmek için)
I’m about to tidy up my room. Don’t worry.
Don’t go. We are about to have lunch.
Have got to
( zorunluluk)
I have got to work late this evening.
Have you got to work tonight?

24. ( bir şeyin gerekli / gereksiz olduğunu vurgular ) ( ? ) ( - )
Need
( bir şeyin gerekli / gereksiz olduğunu vurgular ) ( ? ) ( - )
Need I remind you that you owe me?
Need I fill in a form?
You needn’t do your homework.
This is the only form you need fill in.
I wonder if I need fill in a form.
(bir şeyi yapılırken cesaretli olunup
olunmadığı belirtmek için .) ( ? ) ( - )
Dare
Dare he go there?
How dare you do it like that?
Yes, he dare. No, he daren’t.
Ahmet daren’t swim at night.

25. ( kibarca birşey söyleme/ öneride bulunma
/ uyarı yapma / tehdit etmede )
Had better
It’s cold. We’d better turn on the heating.
You had better eat some fruit.
We’d better not be late.
I had best start doing my homework . ( en iyisi…)

26. Would rather = would sooner
( tercih etmek )
I would rather go now (would rather + V0)
I would rather not stay now.   (=I do not want to)
I would rather you stayed with me now. ( would rather+(pro)noun+V2)
I'd rather you didn't go out alone  (=I do not want you to go).
I'd rather die than apologize to Helen.
I would rather have gone out last night (would rather+ have V3)
I would rather you had stayed with me last night. ( would rather+(pro)noun+had V3)

27. FULL PHRASAL MODALS Have to ( zorunluluk ) Need to ( gereklilik )
Do you have to be home by 10 ?
I have to go and see the doctor.
I had to work late yesterday.
Need to
( gereklilik )
You need to fill in a form.
You don’t need to eat this.

28. ( bir olayın meydana geldiğine veya geleceğine
Seem to / appear to
( bir olayın meydana geldiğine veya geleceğine
dair kanı uyanmasını gösterir)
There seems to be many people on campus today.
She seemed not to notice me.
She appears to have enough money to live on.
Happen to
( bir olayın şans eseri olduğunu belirtmek için)
If you happen to pass a market, buy some eggs.
We happened to see her in the match.

29. Dare to ( cesaret ) Used to ( eski alışkanlıklar )
He is a man who dares to say what he thinks.
He doesn’t dare to go out at night.
Used to
( eski alışkanlıklar )
I used to / would swim 5 kilometres a day when I was a child.
I used to have a bike.

30. MODAL + PHRASAL MODAL
İki modal ardarda kullanılırsa 2. si mutlaka phrasal modaldır.
Aynı anlam veren modallar yan yana kullanılmaz.
En çok kullanılanlar:
Be able to / be going to / be likely to / have to / need to
You should be able to solve this problem.
Ali will be able to start his assignment.
We are going to be able to get ready tomorrow.
The students will have to fulfill the requirements.

31. MODALITY + PROGRESSIVE
Uzun süreli bir eyleme özel anlam katmak için kullanılır.
must
will
shall
may
would
could
might be Ving
should
ought to
seem to
appear to
happen to
be supposed to
My friends seem to be enjoying the party.
Don’t phone her so early, she may be sleeping now.

32. 1. My mother always drinks white coffee at around 11 a. m. It is 11 a
1.My mother always drinks white coffee at around 11 a.m. It is 11 a.m. now. She must be drinking it.
2.I’m going to Antalya tonight. At this time tomorrow I will be lying on the beach sipping my can of pop.
3.Don’t disturb him now! He seems to be reading something important.
4. You should be sleeping, not wandering around.

33. must + have v3 (-mış takısı) may/might seem to appear to happen to
MODALITY + PERFECT
A. Real:
Konuşanın ya da yazanın geçmiş bir olayla ilgili tahminini, vs, anlatmak için kullanılır.
“Will” ve “May” Future anlamda da kullanılır.
can (soru)
can’t (olumlusu yok)
will
must have v3 (-mış takısı)
may/might
seem to
appear to
happen to
is/are supposed to
is/are to

34. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO TURKISH
How can they have found such a good house in this region?
_____________________________________________________________
He can’t have killed the man , he was with us all day.
My sister will have finished her studies by June.
It must have rained last night, the streets are still wet.

35. You may/might have left your wallet in the restaurant.
_____________________________________________________________
They seem to have enjoyed the meeting.
Your friend appears to have told you about the story.
I happen to have done this exercise before.
. He is supposed to have talked to you about the problem.
.We are supposed to have finished ‘modality’ by January.

36. might have V3 (- dı takısı) ought to needn’t was/were to
MODALITY + PERFECT
B. Unreal
Geçmiş bir olasılığın, vs. gerçekleşmediğini anlatmak için kullanılır.
could
would
should
might have V3 (- dı takısı)
ought to
needn’t
was/were to
was/were supposed to
would rather

37. TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES GIVEN BELOW INTO TURKISH
He could have passed the test but he couldn’t take it.
_____________________________________________________________
The teacher would have given you a bad mark.
He should have made a reservation before he went.
He might have killed the cat. He should drive slowly
I am sorry, I ought to have left a note before I went to the meeting.

38. Kenan needn’t have bought the bread. His wife had already bought.
_____________________________________________________________
The police was to have arrested him.
You were supposed to have got married .
I would rather have gone to lunch with my wife.
________________________________________________________

39. He is supposed to have talked to you about the problem.
Be supposed to have V3
He is supposed to have talked to you about the problem.
You weren’t supposed to have watched that film.
(izlemene gerek yoktu)
You were supposed not to have watched that film ( izlememen gerekirdi)
You weren’t supposed to have studied a lot.
You were supposed not to have cheated.

40. She slept all night. She ought to have been cooking for the party.
MODALITY + PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (modality + have been Ving) - Süreli eylemler
-I called her many times yesterday but she didn’t answer. She must have been sleeping.
( uyu-yor-du) REAL
She slept all night. She ought to have been cooking for the party.
(yemek yap-ıyor ol-malı-y-dı) UNREAL

41. I ____ quite make out what the writing on the bus says.
MODALITY
TEST 1
I ____ quite make out what the writing on the bus says.
My eyesight's not all that good.
won't
had better not
can't
mustn't
shouldn't 1. A. B. C. D. E.

42. The mediator spent days to settle the argument between the
MODALITY
TEST 1 2.
The mediator spent days to settle the argument between the
two sides, but ____ do it.
can't
shouldn't
wouldn't
couldn't
needn’t A. B. C. D. E.

43. Leave your son alone. At the age of 8, he ____ be capable of
MODALITY
TEST 1 3.
Leave your son alone. At the age of 8, he ____ be capable of
solving such a problem; I ____ when I was his age.
could / needed to
had to / would
might / should
may / happened to
should / could A. B. C. D. E.

44. ____ you didn't interfere in my business so often, if you don't
MODALITY
TEST 1 4.
____ you didn't interfere in my business so often, if you don't
mind.
I'd better
You’d prefer
I'd rather
You'd better
I would like A. B. C. D. E.

45. I'm sorry; Mr. Fenner's line is engaged. ____ you call back later
MODALITY
TEST 1 5.
I'm sorry; Mr. Fenner's line is engaged. ____ you call back later
or ____ I call you?
Will / shall
May / will
Could / would
Should / must
Would / can A. B. C. D. E.

46. We ____ call a special committee meeting about this.
MODALITY
TEST 1 6.
We ____ call a special committee meeting about this.
We ____ postpone it any more.
may have to / can
will have to / can't
ought to / could
have to / couldn't have
might have to / may A. B. C. D. E.

47. Keep to my instructions; then you ____ go wrong.
MODALITY
TEST 1 7.
Keep to my instructions; then you ____ go wrong.
needn't
don't have to
aren’t willing to
won't
won't be able to A. B. C. D. E.

48. A new political crisis is fast approaching in the Middle East. This
MODALITY
TEST 1 8.
A new political crisis is fast approaching in the Middle East. This
means another rise in petrol prices ____ take place.
is likely to
is able to
need to
may have to
have to A. B. C. D. E.

49. We _____ hurry to find a solution, for the situation is just ____
MODALITY
TEST 1 9.
We _____ hurry to find a solution, for the situation is just ____
get irreversibly grave.
should / able to
had better / about to
would / likely to
need / willing to
dare / bound to A. B. C. D. E.

50. I'm afraid the UN ____ deter the country from producing nuclear
MODALITY
TEST 1
10.
I'm afraid the UN ____ deter the country from producing nuclear
weapons and so ____ enforce some sanctions.
won't have to / will
can’t / happens to
won't be able to / will have to
isn’t to / will be able to
won’t / is bound to A. B. C. D. E.

51. You ____ all that way here; how come you didn’t know that
MODALITY
TEST 1
11.
You ____ all that way here; how come you didn’t know that
there were frequent buses?
don’t have to walk
were bound to walk
were likely to walk
needn't have walked
ought not to be walking A. B. C. D. E.

52. Let's take the children to the exhibition in the space museum.
MODALITY
TEST 1
12.
Let's take the children to the exhibition in the space museum.
It ____ interesting.
had to be
is supposed to be
had better be
seemed to have been
was going to be A. B. C. D. E.

53. I don’t know where I got this information from, but
MODALITY
TEST 1
13.
I don’t know where I got this information from, but
I ____ know it.
am about to
would like to
happen to
had better
have got to A. B. C. D. E.

54. After a three-day visit to Bulgaria next week, the
MODALITY
TEST 1
14.
After a three-day visit to Bulgaria next week, the
PM ____ to Hungary for talks over a telecommunications project.
is to go
should go
would be going
ought to have gone
need go A. B. C. D. E.

55. A: How did the robbers get in such a well guarded museum?
MODALITY
TEST 1
15.
A: How did the robbers get in such a well guarded
museum?
B: They ____ help from inside.
can get
are able to get
should have got
may have got
were to get A. B. C. D. E.

56. A: I have too much free time.
MODALITY
TEST 1
16.
A: I have too much free time.
B: Well, in that case you ____ a hobby or do charity work.
could take up
are likely to take up
seem to be taking up
may have taken up
would rather take up A. B. C. D. E.

57. I ____ any questions about his early life because I know he
MODALITY
TEST 1
17.
I ____ any questions about his early life because I know he
is _____ about it.
needn’t ask / willing to talk
can’t have asked / bound to talk
wouldn’t be asking / needn’t have talked
daren’t ask / reluctant to talk
didn’t have to ask / shouldn’t be talking A. B. C. D. E.

58. It is wet everywhere; it ____ heavily last night.
MODALITY
TEST 1
18.
It is wet everywhere; it ____ heavily last night.
must have rained
may have rained
could have been raining
should have rained
would be raining A. B. C. D. E.

59. We’ve had almost no rain so far. Unfortunately, we ____
MODALITY
TEST 1
19.
We’ve had almost no rain so far. Unfortunately, we ____
water shortages this summer.
may have had
are bound to have
had better have
must have had
seemed to have A. B. C. D. E.

60. You ____ your current job. Then, you _____ quit.
MODALITY
TEST 1
20.
You ____ your current job. Then, you _____ quit.
don’t seem to enjoy / had better
don’t happen to enjoy / would rather
would rather not enjoy /didn’t use to
shouldn’t be enjoying / can’t have quit
wouldn’t be enjoying / need to A. B. C. D. E.

61. It’s a shame. Election results ____ out two days ago.
MODALITY
TEST 1
21.
It’s a shame. Election results ____ out two days ago.
must have come
could be coming
would have come
were obliged to come
ought to have come A. B. C. D. E.

62. What ____ we ____ next semester? Organic chemistry again?
MODALITY
TEST 1
22.
What ____ we ____ next semester? Organic chemistry again?
shall / be studying
are / able to study
could / have studied
are / willing to study
do / happen to study A. B. C. D. E.

63. Jack’s let you down on several occasions, but still you ____ him.
MODALITY
TEST 1
23.
Jack’s let you down on several occasions, but still you ____ him.
would be supporting
are willing to support
could have supported
are able to support
happen to be supporting A. B. C. D. E.

64. A patient ____ to take his pills on time if he wants to recover fast.
MODALITY
TEST 1
24.
A patient ____ to take his pills on time if he wants to recover fast.
couldn’t be forgetting
can’t forget
won’t have forgotten
seems not to forget
shouldn't forget A. B. C. D. E.

65. A: Shall we have pizza for a change?
MODALITY
TEST 1
25.
A: Shall we have pizza for a change?
B: Pizza? Hmm! We ____ as well _____ spaghetti.
cannot / be having
might / have
must / have had
would / be having
could / have had A. B. C. D. E.

66. The electronics company ____ badly last year, for it’s laying
MODALITY
TEST 1
26.
The electronics company ____ badly last year, for it’s laying
staff off now.
may not be doing
mustn’t do
had better not do
seems to have done
had to do A. B. C. D. E.

67. Al’s bedroom looks dark and dreary. He ____ a different colour,
MODALITY
TEST 1
27.
Al’s bedroom looks dark and dreary. He ____ a different colour,
not black.
should have chosen
must have chosen
had to choose
could have been choosing
may have chosen A. B. C. D. E.

68. Mr. Fig’s secretary ____ the minutes of the meeting now.
MODALITY
TEST 1
28.
Mr. Fig’s secretary ____ the minutes of the meeting now.
That’s what she does after every meeting.
could duplicate
will have duplicated
is reluctant to duplicate
had better duplicate
must be duplicating A. B. C. D. E.

69. When Mr. Lee was younger, he ____ work in the garden for
MODALITY
TEST 1
When Mr. Lee was younger, he ____ work in the garden for
hours just for fun.
had to
should be able to
dared to
could
needed
29. A. B. C. D. E.

70. Whenever my parents went out in the evening, I ____ take care
MODALITY
TEST 1
30.
Whenever my parents went out in the evening, I ____ take care
of my younger brother. How I hated it.
would
must have
should
had better
would rather A. B. C. D. E.

71. You won’t believe this but when I was a girl, I ____ short curly
MODALITY
TEST 1
31.
You won’t believe this but when I was a girl, I ____ short curly
hair and large glasses.
would have
needn’t have had
used to have
might have had
am bound to have A. B. C. D. E.

72. The lecturer was not well prepared, so he ____ most of his ideas.
MODALITY
TEST 1
32.
The lecturer was not well prepared, so he ____ most of his ideas.
didn’t have to convey
could have conveyed
must have been conveying
was reluctant to convey
was unable to convey A. B. C. D. E.

73. A: You look dissatisfied with this product.
MODALITY
TEST 1
33.
A: You look dissatisfied with this product.
B: I am. I’d rather ____ to the old brand. Old is always good.
stick
be sticking
have stuck
to stick
had stuck A. B. C. D. E.

74. To my way of thinking, birds ____ from dinosaurs. Did dinosaurs
MODALITY
TEST 1
34.
To my way of thinking, birds ____ from dinosaurs. Did dinosaurs
have feathers for example?
might not evolve
should not be evolving
weren’t supposed to evolve
can't have evolved
wouldn't have evolved A. B. C. D. E.

75. As a customer you ____ careful when buying a food product –
MODALITY
TEST 1
35.
As a customer you ____ careful when buying a food product –
don’t ever forget to check the expiry date.
had better be
may have been
would rather be
appear to have been
are likely to be A. B. C. D. E.

76. The first round of the negotiations ____ unfruitful. Then,
MODALITY
TEST 1
36.
The first round of the negotiations ____ unfruitful. Then,
there ____ a second or even third round.
had better be / have to be
could be / might have been
must have been / used to be
would rather be / shall be
might be / will be A. B. C. D. E.

77. Belinda ____ at school before ten, so she ignored the alarm clock
MODALITY
TEST 1
Belinda ____ at school before ten, so she ignored the alarm clock
and went on sleeping.
ought not to be
couldn’t have been
mustn’t be
won’t have been
didn’t have to be
37. A. B. C. D. E.

78. In the rail crash yesterday more people ____ killed, not
MODALITY
TEST 1
38.
In the rail crash yesterday more people ____ killed, not
just three. Luckily one of the trains was only a freight train.
might have got
were bound to get
were obliged to get
would get
should be getting A. B. C. D. E.

79. MODALITY
TEST 1
39.
A: I locked myself out of my apartment, and didn't know what to do.
B: Really? You ____ a locksmith, of course.
could have called
may have called
would be calling
must have called
used to call A. B. C. D. E.

80. A: I ____ at the office at 6 p.m. for the meeting, but my car ____.
MODALITY
TEST 1
40.
A: I ____ at the office at 6 p.m. for the meeting, but my car ____.
B: Let me give you a lift then.
will have been / shouldn’t be starting
supposed to be / can’t have started
may be / is unlikely to start
have got to be / won’t start
am obliged to be / is bound not to start A. B. C. D. E.

81. You ____ your composition last week. It’s too late now.
MODALITY
TEST 2 1.
You ____ your composition last week. It’s too late now.
were supposed to submit
ought to submit
may have submitted
should submit
would rather submit A. B. C. D. E.

82. Of course I remember Mr. Black very well. Whenever I
MODALITY
TEST 2 2.
Of course I remember Mr. Black very well. Whenever I
met him in the street, he ____ greet me with a big smile.
needn't
happened to
would rather
could
would A. B. C. D. E.

83. You ____ on computers to do your thinking for you. It ____ wrong.
MODALITY
TEST 2 3.
You ____ on computers to do your thinking for you.
It ____ wrong.
won't rely / must have been
can't rely / would be
must have relied / will be
seem to be relying / must be
will have relied / should have been A. B. C. D. E.

84. If Jill doesn’t answer the phone, she ____ at home. She said
MODALITY
TEST 2 4.
If Jill doesn’t answer the phone, she ____ at home. She said
she was going to go out.
should not be
might not have been
must not be
may not be
will not have been A. B. C. D. E.

85. If Tim goes on behaving like this, he ____ remain alone.
MODALITY
TEST 2 5.
If Tim goes on behaving like this, he ____ remain alone.
happens to
is bound to
dares to
is able to
used to A. B. C. D. E.

86. Soldiers ____ tidy up their room every day. Otherwise, they are
MODALITY
TEST 2 6.
Soldiers ____ tidy up their room every day. Otherwise, they are
punished, I guess.
dare
are able to
are about to
could
are supposed to A. B. C. D. E.

87. You ____ that; it was very unkind indeed.
MODALITY
TEST 2 7.
You ____ that; it was very unkind indeed.
wouldn’t be able to say
shouldn’t have said
couldn’t be saying
don’t have to say
ought not to say A. B. C. D. E.

88. All international flights ____ be cancelled due to the prevailing
MODALITY
TEST 2 8.
All international flights ____ be cancelled due to the prevailing
adverse weather conditions.
are able to
are willing to
would rather
are likely to
are reluctant to A. B. C. D. E.

89. The diplomats ____ leave the country after the scandal.
MODALITY
TEST 2 9.
The diplomats ____ leave the country after the scandal.
were obliged to
happened to have
ought to have
are likely
needn't have A. B. C. D. E.

90. This PC is far from satisfactory. I wonder if I ____ it and get
MODALITY
TEST 2
10.
This PC is far from satisfactory. I wonder if I ____ it and get
my money back.
could return
would be returning
could have returned
will have returned
may be returning A. B. C. D. E.

91. A: ____ we send a postcard and congratulate the newly weds?
MODALITY
TEST 2
11.
A: ____ we send a postcard and congratulate the newly weds?
B: We ____ as well send an SMS. That’ll be a lot faster.
Can / can
Could / could
May / shall
Will / might
Shall / may A. B. C. D. E.

92. According to my doctor, my baby ____ up in two weeks' time,
MODALITY
TEST 2
12.
According to my doctor, my baby ____ up in two weeks' time,
before she’s even one year old.
will be able to stand
must have stood
was to stand
could have stood
might have been able to stand A. B. C. D. E.

93. Today quite a few people prefer not to work outside but to work
MODALITY
TEST 2
13.
Today quite a few people prefer not to work outside but to work
from home. It ____ advantageous.
would not be
should be
ought to have been
might have been
can't have been A. B. C. D. E.

94. It seemed an almost impossible task to turn the game
MODALITY
TEST 2
14.
It seemed an almost impossible task to turn the game
round - that is, they ____ not ____ it.
ought / to have accomplished
would / accomplish
should / be accomplishing
can / accomplish
might / have accomplished A. B. C. D. E.

95. I'd rather they ____ the terrace houses and ____ a multi-storey
MODALITY
TEST 2
I'd rather they ____ the terrace houses and ____ a multi-storey
car park instead.
won’t demolish / build
wouldn’t demolish / had built
hadn’t demolished / built
haven’t demolished / are building
can’t be demolished / building
15. A. B. C. D. E.

96. His latest book is already in its second impression; it ____ really
MODALITY
TEST 2
16.
His latest book is already in its second impression; it ____ really
good reviews as well.
could be having
had to have
must have had
is able to have
happens to have had A. B. C. D. E.

97. Not every member sympathizes totally with the policies of the
MODALITY
TEST 2
17.
Not every member sympathizes totally with the policies of the
party but they ____ a word.
needn't utter
daren't utter
may not have uttered
can’t be uttering
are willing to utter A. B. C. D. E.

98. Dear, if you win the prize, you ____ make a speech. So, get
MODALITY
TEST 2
18.
Dear, if you win the prize, you ____ make a speech. So, get
prepared.
happen to
had better
would rather
appear to
are bound to A. B. C. D. E.

99. This is a health center. You ____ in here
MODALITY
TEST 2
19.
This is a health center. You ____ in here
dare smoke
needn't be smoking
are not to smoke
are bound to smoke
would rather not be smoking A. B. C. D. E.

100. When her ability was recognized, it was clear that she ____
MODALITY
TEST 2
20.
When her ability was recognized, it was clear that she ____
promoted.
was going to be
might have been
had to be
was able to be
dared to be A. B. C. D. E.

101. Scientists say that if we want to understand a natural
MODALITY
TEST 2
21.
Scientists say that if we want to understand a natural
phenomenon better, we ____ and control it in the laboratory.
must have made
need to be able to make
had to make
should have made
must be going to make A. B. C. D. E.

102. Emerging infectious diseases pose a global threat to human and
MODALITY
TEST 2
22.
Emerging infectious diseases pose a global threat to human and
animal health, and, unfortunately, the problem ____ worsen.
will have to
would sooner
is likely to
may be able to
was about to A. B. C. D. E.

103. Due to rapid scientific change today, universities ____ their
MODALITY
TEST 2
Due to rapid scientific change today, universities ____ their
students a better grasp of science and foreign culture. Are they
doing so?
will have given
were going to give
are reluctant to give
are about to give
should be giving
23. A. B. C. D. E.

104. By 2020, Russians ______ travel to the countries of the European
MODALITY
TEST 2
24.
By 2020, Russians ______ travel to the countries of the European
Union without visas, according to the chairman of the Duma
Foreign Affairs.
are bound to
may have to
must be going to
will be able to
are willing to A. B. C. D. E.

105. Brazil ____ refinance its debt at acceptable rates despite sound
MODALITY
TEST 2
25.
Brazil ____ refinance its debt at acceptable rates despite sound
economic policies, a primary budget surplus and a growing trade
surplus.
could
is willing to
is unable to
happened to
should A. B. C. D. E.

106. 64% of Internet users aged 50 plus _____ live without television
MODALITY
TEST 2
26.
64% of Internet users aged 50 plus _____ live without television
than without their computer, according to an online survey.
have got to
are obliged to
would sooner
had better
daren’t A. B. C. D. E.

107. Take anything into space and the lack of gravity ____ its weight,
MODALITY
TEST 2
27.
Take anything into space and the lack of gravity ____ its weight,
but not its mass.
will change
may be changing
will have changed
must be changing
is able to change A. B. C. D. E.

108. Prior to WWII all expeditions ____ Everest through Tibet because
MODALITY
TEST 2
28.
Prior to WWII all expeditions ____ Everest through Tibet because
Nepal was closed to foreigners.
would have approached
should approach
may have approached
need to approach
had to approach A. B. C. D. E.

109. Scientists ____ believe that neurons were irreplaceable, but in
MODALITY
TEST 2
29.
Scientists ____ believe that neurons were irreplaceable, but in
the 1980s they discovered that adult mammals ____ grow new
ones.
could / will
used to / could
were obliged to / would
seemed to / had to
would / must A. B. C. D. E.

110. By the time Turkey ____ become a member of the EU, her
MODALITY
TEST 2
30.
By the time Turkey ____ become a member of the EU, her
population ____ 85 million.
must / has to exceed
should / would exceed
will / should have exceeded
can / may have exceeded
would / will be exceeding A. B. C. D. E.

111. We all ____ reduce our impact on the environment, and that
MODALITY
TEST 2
31.
We all ____ reduce our impact on the environment, and that
means more than just recycling our bottles and newspapers.
dare to
appear to
used to
need to
happened to A. B. C. D. E.

112. The government ____ a lot of noise and making everyone aware
MODALITY
TEST 2
32.
The government ____ a lot of noise and making everyone aware
of one thing: housing ____ to global warming significantly.
should be creating /could / contribute
will be creating / had to contribute
is supposed to create / could have contributed
would rather have created / used to contribute
had better create / will have contributed A. B. C. D. E.

113. Infection with a common harmless virus____ the progress of
MODALITY
TEST 2
33.
Infection with a common harmless virus____ the progress of
HIV and prolong the survival of AIDS patients. Papers write
about such cases these days.
should have slowed
is about to slow
is obliged to slow
was to have slowed
seems to slow A. B. C. D. E.

114. Even if the state in the Europe of the future ____ reform and
MODALITY
TEST 2
34.
Even if the state in the Europe of the future ____ reform and
reduce itself, Europeans ____ to expect a lot from it, according
to a survey.
will have to / may have continued
could / dare to continue
is bound to / will continue
seems to / would be continuing
had to / must continue A. B. C. D. E.

115. With the advance of the Human Genome Project, the time is
MODALITY
TEST 2
35.
With the advance of the Human Genome Project, the time is
approaching when prospective parents _____ choose the gender
of their babies from a range of alternative embryos.
have got to
would rather
will seem to
are supposed to
will be able to A. B. C. D. E.