1. Factual Conditional Present
Unit 21

2. The airport closes if it snows.
Form: two clauses
if clause + main clause
condition result
If it snows,the airport closes.
present present or
The airport closes if it snows.
result condition

3. Comma Jane doesn’t go out if it rains.
Use comma if the if clause comes first.
If it rains, Jane doesn’t go out.
Jane doesn’t go out if it rains.

4. When to use the present conditional?

5. 1 To talk about a general truths or scientific facts.
A plant dies if you don’t water it.
If you heat butter, it melts.
Note: Use the simple present tense in both clauses.

6. 2 Habits and things that happen again and again
If Bob goes out, he always invites me.
Ken never answers the phone if he is studying.
Note: Use the simple present or the progressive
in the if clause.

7. 3 If clause + modals in main clause
can = ability should = advice
might / may = possibility must = necessity
If you have some money, you can lend me some.
if clause main clause
If Ann doesn’t love Tony, she shouldn’t marry him.
If they get married, they might have problems later.
You must register if you want to take a class.

8. 4 If clause + imperatives in main clause
To give instructions and commands
Imperatives:
Come in Whisper Smile Don’t cry.
Do not park here Kiss me, but don’t bite me.
If you finish your test early, take a break.
if clause main clause
Call me later if you need a hand.
Let me know if you need any help.

9. Then + modals Then you may go if you’re done. (incorrect)
to emphasize the result
If coffee gives you insomnia, then you shouldn’t drink it.
If you feel sick, then you must go to the doctor.
If you don’t show up early, then I can’t wait for you.
Then you may go if you’re done. (incorrect)
Note: Never start a conditional sentence with then.

10. Then + imperatives Then call me if you have the time. (incorrect)
to emphasize the result
If you don’t love me, then leave me. But if you do, then marry me.
If you have goals, then go for them.
Then call me if you have the time. (incorrect)
Note: Never start a conditional sentence with then.

11. Positive and Negative Clauses
1. If I am tired, I take a break.
(+) (+)
2. If you don’t show up on time, I may not wait
(-) (-)
for you.
3. Tony doesn’t eat if his mother in-law cooks.
(-) (+)

12. Yes/No Questions Do you cry if you see a sad movie?
main clause if clause
Yes, I do.
If you don’t eat, do you feel shaky?
if clause main clause
Not really.

13. Wh Questions What might happen if you drive too fast?
main clause if clause
If your car breaks down, what do you do?
if clause main clause
Where do you stay if you go to Miami?

14. Difference between if and when / whenever

15. if Something happens less frequently.
If I have a day off, I go to the movies.
(I rarely have days off from work.)

16. When / Whenever Something happens regularly.
When I have a day off, I go to the movies.
(I regularly have days off from work.)

17. Practice: if / when
___ I am late to work, my boss gets very angry. That is why I am always on time.
___ I leave work, I usually go to the gym to work out.
___ Joe eats, he tries to choose healthy food.
Tina foots the bill ___ she goes out with her friends.
___ I study, I get good score on my tests.
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18. Factual / Real Conditional Future
Unit 22

19. I’m going to read if there is nothing on TV.
Form: two clauses
if clause + main clause
condition result
If it rains, we will stay home.
present future or
I’m going to read if there is nothing on TV.
result condition

20. When to use the future conditional?

21. 1. To talk about what will happen under certain conditions.
If my aunt visits me, I’ll take her to Disneyland.
condition (present) result (future)
David is going to quit his job if he wins the lottery.
If my plane is late, I’ll miss the meeting.

22. 2 Predictions If it rains tonight, Peter may not go out.
Mr. Anderson might cancel the meeting if he feels sick.
If Jane continues showing up late for work, she could lose her job.

23. 3 Promises If you come over tomorrow, I’ll cook for you.
If you have money, I’ll marry you.
I’ll do my homework if I have nothing else to do.

24. 4 Modals might If Bob finds a job in LA, he could move there. must
may
might
If Bob finds a job in LA, he could move there.
can
must
should

25. Unless Negative result = if not
Unless you practice your English, you won’t improve it.
If you don’t practice your English, you won’t improve it.
You won’t have strong bone unless you take enough
calcium.
Unless my boss gives me a raise, I’ll quit my job.
Jack will get into an accident unless he drives more
carefully.

26. Positive and Negative Clauses
1. If I find a job, I’ll be able to pay my bills.
(+) (+)
2. If Bob doesn’t call me, I won’t talk to him again
(-) (-)
3. Ricky isn’t going to drive if the trip is too long.
(-) (+)

27. Yes/No Questions If you get a divorce, will you remarried?
Is Tony going to move to Texas if he finds a job?
Will you be able to find a job if you have a college
education?

28. Wh Questions If you want to travel, where will you go?
What will you do if you run out of money?
If you want to travel, where will you go?
What’s the first thing you will do if you win
the lottery?